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Sprockets, roller chain, metric engage chains in many different power transmission and conveyor systems. Chain drives are often used as economic, reliable drive systems for long running, continuous drive applications with limited shock and torque loads. Metric sprockets are classified according to ISO number designations. Sprockets engage chains in many different power transmission and conveyor systems. Chain drives are often used as economic, reliable drive systems for long running, continuous drive applications with limited shock and torque loads. English sprockets are classified according to ANSI number designations.
Pitch is the distance between adjacent tooth centers. Metric roller chain and sprockets are categorized according to ISO Standard 606. The number correlates to pitch in 1/16" increments, expressed in millimeter units. AN ISO 12 sprocket therefore mates with a chain with 3/4", or 19.05mm, pitch. Important dimensions to consider when searching for sprockets, roller chain, metric include number of teeth, bore diameter, hub diameter, outside diameter, length through bore, and weight. Number of teeth for a specified pitch will determine sprocket size and drive ratio. The bore diameter is the diameter of center bore for shaft mounting. The hub diameter is the outside diameter of desired hub. The outside diameter is the diameter of the sprocket including teeth. It is primarily of concern if clearance is an issue. The length through bore is the total width of the sprocket, including hub(s).
Material selection is dependent on factors such as required power transmission and speed, environmental factors such as temperature and exposure to corrosive elements, and other factors such as noise generation. Consult with a sprocket manufacturer on a specific application to optimize material selection. Common material choices for sprockets, roller chain, metric include all plastic, plastic teeth with a metal insert, standard steel, hardened steel, and stainless steel. The sprocket style can be single, double, triple, quadruple, and quintuple or higher. A single style sprocket has one sprocket on one hub. A double style sprocket has two sprockets on one hub, and so on. Some sprockets are idler sprockets. Idler sprockets rotate freely while taking up slack and providing tension to a chain drive system. They are used as tensioners and occasionally to provide chain clearance around a machine component. The idler style can be bronze bushing or ball bearing.
The hub style on sprockets, roller chain, metric can be Type A (hubless), Type B (hub on one side), Type C (hub on both sides), and Type D (detachable bolt-on hub). Specialty hubs include tapered bushing, and shear pin hub. Tapered bushings are tightened down onto the shaft like a collet to minimize shaft marring. Shear pin provides protection against drive system jamming or overload. Torque is carried by shear pin, which is necked to shear when safe load is exceeded. Shaft mounting choices for sprockets, roller chain, metric include set screws, keyway, and simple bore. An important environmental parameter to consider is the operating temperature. |
Related keywords: sprocket, chain roller, chain sprockets, metric o-ring, chains sprocket, o ring chain, sprocket roller chain sprocket, powered conveyor roller, metric roller chain, sidewinder sprocket, power transmission sprocket, inductor roller, attachment roller chain, chain double roller, roller chain sprocket, roller drive chain, chain drive sprocket, chain lubricator, sprocket and chain drive, sprocket supplier |
Sprockets, Roller Chain, Metric Engineering Web Results
Engineering Web Results: 1 - 5 of 213,008
Sprockets For Roller Chain - Metric drive components 780-2-178
Sprockets with: 8 & 10 mm bores have a tolerance of +0.022. . 12 & 15 mm bores have a tolerance of +0.027. Sprockets for Roller Chain. MOLDED. 2.6, 2.8 & 5.3 mm WIDE. 6, 8 & 9.525 mm PITCH. ...
http://www.sdp-si.com/D780/HTML2/D780Belt178.html
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Plastic Subminiature Roller Chain - Metric drive components 780-2-166
The chain and sprockets have been stress. relieved and have operating capabilities over. the range of minus 40 to plus 121 degrees C.. Sustained temperatures above 82 degrees C. not recommended. ...
http://www.sdp-si.com/D780/html2/D780Belt166_1.html
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10A39 Sprockets, Roller Chain, Metric by Martin Sprocket & Gear, Inc.
Metric sprocket 15.88 mm pitch, with out hub, made of steel. 10A39 Datasheet Sprockets, Roller Chain, Metric 10A39 Product Specifications 10A39 by Martin Sprocket & Gear, Inc. ...
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 18 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 1 PM
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Shaft collars attach to shafts and are used as stop features or targets for devices such as tachometers. They are usually made of aluminum, steel, stainless steel, or alloyed steel and coated with zinc, chromium or black oxide. Shaft collars made from non-metallic materials such as nylon are also available. Generally, these products are used for washdown applications such as food processing. There are several basic shaft collar designs. Setscrew collars are suitable for simple shaft positioning, but are not designed for high axial loads or applications that require repositioning. Threaded clamp collars are designed for threaded shafts and provide a relatively high axial loading force. One-piece clamp or C-style collars provide a more uniform holding force on the shaft. Like threaded clamp collars, these devices can be repositioned as necessary. Two-piece shaft collars provide a stronger and more uniform holding force than one-piece shaft collars. They also accept greater variances in shaft diameter and can be assembled anywhere on a shaft.
Selecting shaft collars requires an analysis of specifications. Products are measured in English units such as inches (in) or metric units such as millimeters (mm) or centimeters (cm). Thread types include unified national fine (UNF), unified national coarse (UNC), and acme. Width, bore diameter, outer diameter, and axial load capacity are important considerations when specifying shaft collars. Measured in pounds (lbs) or kilograms (kg), axial load capacity is the maximum load that can be applied along or parallel to and concentric with the primary axis. Typically, acme threaded collars can withstand higher thrust loads than conventional smooth bore collars. Some shaft collars include clamping screws that are all inserted from the same direction. Others include clamping screws that are inserted from opposite directions.
Shaft collars are used in a variety of application and industries. Examples include agricultural implements, office machines, exercise equipment, mixers, and printing presses. A variety of specialized products are available. Knurled shaft collars provide a friction surface for hand gripping and are suitable for conveyors and other applications which require frequent collar adjustment. Hexagonal-bore shaft collars are suitable for power transmission and drive applications. Heavy-duty shaft collars feature large cross sections and sturdy clamping screws for added holding power. Because heavy-duty shaft collars provide better vibration and shock resistance, they are designed for applications such as off-road, mining, paper and steel mill equipment.
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Shaft Collars Engineering Web Results
Engineering Web Results: 1 - 5 of 163,856
Shaft Collars,Oldham Coupling, Bellows, Beam, Disc, Jaw,Servo, Rigid Couplings...
... products including shaft, oldham, bellows, servo, rigid, helical, beam, disc and jaw couplings as well as clamp and split collars. ...
http://www.ruland.com/
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Shaft Collars and Shaft Couplings from Stafford Manufacturing Corp.
... shaft collars and rigid shaft couplings since 1975. ...
http://www.staffordmfg.com/
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Shaft Collars and Rigid Couplings from Global Industrial Products.
Global Industrial Products is a leading supplier of metal shaft collars, set screw collars, clamping collars and rigid couplings. We offer high quality product at competitive prices. Same day ...
http://www.global-collars.com/
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Stainless steel shaft collars prevent corrosion: News from Ruland Manufacturing ...
Ruland's focus for the past 40 years has been on high performing shaft collars and couplings.. The complete line of products includes shaft collars and rigid couplings, and a full line of motion ...
http://www.manufacturingtalk.com/news/rul/rul101.html
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MachineDesign.com: Shaft Collars
... shaft collars do not mar the shaft. The collars wrap around the shaft when tightened thus applying nearly uniform compressive stress on the circumference of the shaft. Ruland Manufacturing Co. Inc., 6 ...
http://www.machinedesign.com/ASP/strArticleID/57846/strSite/MDSite/viewSelectedArticle.asp
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 18 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 1 PM
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Round belts and o-ring belts are light-to-medium duty belts used in power transmission applications. Round belts are solid or hollow and vary in terms of weight and size. They use friction to stay in contact with round belt pulleys and must be stretched or elongated to provide proper driving tension. O-ring belts (endless round belts, endless drive belts) also vary in weight and size, but do not require a belt tensioner. They can be used with both round belt pulleys and V-belt pulleys. Most o-ring belts are made of materials that are resistant to chemicals and compounds such as oxygen, ozone, oils, and grease. They can be cleaned easily and resist abrasion and marking. Belts that are heat-sealed do not require tooling changes. Most round belts and o-ring belts are between 1/16 in. and 3/4 in. wide and at least 3 ft. long, depending on the size of the cross-section. Some products have tensile strengths of up to 8,000 psi and a temperature resistance that ranges from
- 60° F to 225 F°.
Specifications for round belts and o-ring belts include cross-sectional diameter, length, working tension, operating temperature, belt material, and reinforcement material. Belt materials vary in terms of strength, elasticity, and power transmission capabilities. Nitrile is used across a wide range of temperatures and provides good resistance to petroleum hydrocarbons and fuels. Leather absorbs lubricants and provides effective sealing against rough surfaces. Neoprene is a synthetic material with outstanding physical toughness. Polyurethane is flexible and offers good abrasion resistance. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is smooth, flexible, non-toxic, and often rated for use in food processing applications. Round belts and o-ring belts that are made of rubber usually contain natural compounds such as polyisoprene. Reinforcement materials include fiberglass, polyester and steel, as well as proprietary products such as Kevlar®, a registered trademark of DuPont.
Round belts and o-ring belts vary in terms of application and features. Some products are suitable for industrial applications such as weighing, bagging, sorting, bottling, gluing, sealing, pulling, and shrink-wrapping. Others are used in live roller conveyors such as line shaft conveyors and powered roller conveyors. The printing industry uses round belts and o-ring belts in collating, sorting, folding, and imaging equipment. Round belts and o-ring belts are also used in office equipment such as photocopiers and printers. In terms of features, some round belts and o-ring belts prevent the buildup of static electricity or resist damage from ultraviolet (UV) light. Belts that are supplied as rolls may be cut and spliced to desired lengths. Belts that carry approvals from agencies such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) or Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are also available.
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Round Belts and O-ring Belts Engineering Web Results
Engineering Web Results: 1 - 5 of 67,085
O-Ring Reference Guide Seal Dynamics, Inc. Worldwide Headquarters 75 Burt Drive ...
Relative motion must occur exclusively between the O-ring I.D. and the rotating shaft. Rotation of the O-ring within the gland will lead to rapid wear and leakage. ! Minimize out-of-round shafts and ...
http://www.sealdynamics-oem.com/documents/o-ring-reference.pdf
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Company Profile for Dura-Belt, Inc. on Zycon
ENDLESS ROUND BELTS (O-Ring Belts):. DuraBelt manufactures resilient endless round belts, (also called O-ring belts or endless drive belts) for power transmission applications and live roller ...
http://www.zycon.com/CompanyDetails.asp?comp=221123&cat=2334&subcat=2632
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Miniature Cables, Round Endless (O-Ring) And Roundthane Belts - Drive Components...
NOTE:. . Ball End is rated at 50% of rated breaking strength of cable.. * . These dimensions obtained when fittings are swaged to "F" dimensions.. Before swage, the fitting is round.. THREADED PLUG. ...
http://www.sdp-si.com/D790/HTML1/D790C02235_1.html
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MENU HOME Manual Index INSTALLATION and OPERATION MANUAL Self-Priming ...
O-Ring Buna-N 40 1 M-5727 O-Ring Buna-N 41 1 FP-4571-A Cover, Case 42 1 625-00860 Plug, Pipe, Sq 1/8" NPT, Black 43 2 625-01247 Plug, Pipe 3/4" NPT, Galvanized 44 4 2-114-6 Screw, Round Hd 1/4-20 x . ...
http://www.cranepumps.com/cps/tech_data/BARNES/MANUALS/094862.PDF
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Company Profile for Pyramid Inc. on Zycon
Round Pyrathane belts can be manufactured in any size from .062" through .562" in cross section. We manufacture belts in fractional, decimal and millimeter equivalents as well as O-ring size cross ...
http://www.zycon.com/CompanyDetails.asp?comp=223281&cat=2334&subcat=2632
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 18 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 1 PM
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Roller chains are used in power transmission design of all kinds and in many specialized industries. Roller chain configurations include standard, heavy duty, double pitch for light loads, attachment options and many application-specific geometries. There are many styles of chain; those covered in this search form is characterized by ANSI and BS/DIN standard sizes.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) governs number designations for roller chain pitch. English roller chain and sprockets are categorized according to ANSI B 29.1M. The number can be used to identify pitch in the following way: the first digits identify the pitch in 1/8" increments, and the last digit is 0 for standard proportions, 1 for lightweight chain, and 5 for rollerless bushed chain. A #41 sprocket is therefore for 1/2"-pitch lightweight chain, a #120 sprocket is for 1-1/2" pitch chain, etc. British Standard / DIN / International Standards Organization (ISO) designations are governed by European standards committees. Metric roller chain and sprockets are categorized according to ISO Standard 606. The number correlates to pitch in 1/16" increments, expressed in millimeter units. AN ISO 12 sprocket therefore mates with a chain with 3/4", or 19.05mm, pitch.
Standard configurations for roller chain include single, double, triple, quadruple, and quintuple or higher. A single configuration has one chain strand. A double configuration has two chain strands, and so on. Roller chain comes in a wide variety of metal and plastic materials. Many factors such as cost, environmental conditions, noise and heat generation and design horsepower transmission influence the best material choice. Consult a chain manufacturer on a specific application for material optimization. Common materials of construction include steel or hardened steel, stainless steel, nylon, acetal, polypropylene, and plastic or metal combination.
Common features for roller chain include attachment chain, double pitch, oversized roller, rollerless, offset link, heavy duty, self-lubricating, corrosion resistant, and flexible. Some roller chain has an attachment type. These can include standard straight, standard bent, wide contour straight, wide contour bent, and extended pins. Specialty applications for roller chain include oil-field chain, bindery chain, lift chain, pin oven chain, film feeder chain, and coupling chain.
Important mechanical specifications to consider when searching for roller chain include tensile strength, maximum allowable load, and chain weight. Tensile strength is the ultimate failure tension load of a chain. The maximum allowable load is the tension for which chain is rated to carry in running operation. Chain weight is specified in weight per unit length. It varies with pitch and special construction techniques. An important environmental parameter to consider is the operating temperature. |
Related keywords: roller chain, plastic roller chain, industrial chain manufacturer, chain manufacturer, stacking chain attachment, Roller Chain Distributor |
Roller Chain Engineering Web Results
Engineering Web Results: 1 - 5 of 2,119,467
Bearings & Industrial Sales:Bearings & Power Transmission Specialists,
We have a large inventory consisting of bearings (ball, roller, spherical, etc.), roller chain, lubricants, oil seals, electric motors, gear reducers, conveyor idlers and many other types of power ...
http://www.bearing-sales.com/
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Foundry conveyor roller chain lasts over two years: News from Tsubakimoto UK
... In an attempt to extend chain life in this arduous environment, standard roller was replaced in July 2001 with Lambda Lube free roller chain from Tsubaki. The chain is still running two years later, ...
http://www.manufacturingtalk.com/news/tsu/tsu126.html
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Plastic Subminiature Roller Chain MOLDED .1227 PITCH SINGLE STRAND SELF-...
Continued on the next page. NOTE: These sprockets can be used with #25, 1/4 pitch roller or ladder chains.. 2-213 REV: 7-12-05 mm. Sprockets for Roller Chain - .250 Pitch. STEEL. FOR NO. 25 SINGLE ...
http://www.sdp-si.com/D790/PDF/D790C02204.pdf
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Technical Articles - Roller Chain Drive Maintenance
If you have an article to contribute to this list, please mail me.. Roller Chain Drives - Installation Roller Chain Drives - Lubrication Roller Chain Drives - Maintenance Roller Chain Drives - ...
http://www.plant-maintenance.com/maintenance_articles_chain.shtml
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BELT AND CHAIN DRIVES
... that are prefixed. a No. 60 chain in parallel having com-. categorized as roller chain, engineer-. ANSI B29. The standards cover. mon chain assembly pins, and 60-3. ing steel chain, silent chain, ...
http://www.emerson-ept.com/eptroot/public/schools/beltchan.pdf
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 18 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 1 PM
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Rigid couplings connect rotating members such as shafts and transmit torque and motion. Most rigid couplings are made of aluminum, steel, or stainless steel. There are several basic types of products. One-piece set screw devices are solid, O-shaped couplings that attach to shafts with set screws. One-piece clamp couplings are solid, C-shaped devices with a split that is closed with tightening screws. Two-piece clamps are split axially into two pieces, each of which is closed onto the shaft with tightening screws. Multi-screw couplings are commonly available. Typically, all of the screws are inserted from the same direction. Shrink discs are rigid couplings with two external rings that tighten together axially and exert inward force on a third ring via tapered surfaces. This closes the inner ring onto the shafts and provides a secure connection. Rigid couplings with keyways include keys that can be used to stop the rotation of the shaft couplings.
Mechanical properties for rigid couplings include rated torque, rated speed, torsional stiffness, and backlash. Rated torque is the maximum service torque for which the device is rated. Rated speed is the maximum rated rotational speed of the coupling. Stiffness is expressed in torque per units of angular deformation (degrees). Backlash, the rotational position loss due to a change, is also measured in degrees. Important dimensions to consider include bore diameter, coupling diameter, coupling length, and design units. Bore diameter is the internal diameter for mating to the shaft-end. Coupling diameter is the outside diameter (OD), a measurement which includes the housing. Design units are English measurements such as inches (in) or metric measurements such as centimeters (cm). For rigid couplings with one or more keyways, keyway width is an additional consideration.
Alignment and motion parameters to consider when specifying rigid couplings include angular misalignment tolerance, parallel misalignment tolerance, and axial motion allowed. Angular misalignment tolerance is the maximum angular misalignment between coupled shafts that rigid couplings can accommodate. Similarly, parallel misalignment tolerance is the maximum parallel offset between shafts that rigid couplings can accommodate. Axial motion allowed refers to the relative axial motion allowed by the coupler between two shafts. |
Related keywords: rigid coupling, rigid bender, coupling rigid, bender rigid, aluminium rigid banner stand, semi rigid coax, rigid coax, rigid endoscope, rigid semi, Rigid Coupling Distributor, semi rigid coax bender, 141 semi rigid coax, semi rigid |
Rigid Couplings Engineering Web Results
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Shaft Collars,Oldham Coupling, Bellows, Beam, Disc, Jaw,Servo, Rigid Couplings...
... rigid, helical, beam, disc and jaw couplings as well as clamp and split collars. ...
http://www.ruland.com/
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Rigid couplings with precision honed bores: News from Ruland Manufacturing Co
... rigid couplings, and a full line of zero-backlash motion control couplings: beam couplings, bellows couplings, Oldham couplings, miniature disc couplings and curved jaw couplings. • Ruland ...
http://www.manufacturingtalk.com/news/rul/rul104.html
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designfax - Dec 2000 - Rigid Couplings -- Stronger Than Ever
Rigid couplings are intended to combine two shafts as though they were one. Although they are backlash-free, rigid couplings allow for no misalignment, either angular or parallel. They are ideal for ...
http://www.manufacturingcenter.com/dfx/archives/1200/1200rgd.asp
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Collars and rigid couplings come to hand: News from Huco Dynatork
The extended range of collars and rigid couplings from Huco is detailed in a newly published 4-page leaflet. Both products are designed for easy installation and adjustment. Huco clamp collars are ...
http://www.engineeringtalk.com/news/huc/huc131.html
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MachineDesign.com: Rigid Couplings
Rigid Couplings. One and two-piece precision-honed rigid couplings, with and without keyways, come in aluminum, carbon steel, and stainless steel. Straight and step-bore combinations are available to ...
http://www.machinedesign.com/ASP/strArticleID/60090/strSite/MDSite/viewSelectedArticle.asp
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 18 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 1 PM
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Linear shafts are elongated, rod-shaped devices that provide linear or rotary motion for power transmission applications. They are used as axles, pistons, and rollers in heavy machinery. Some linear shafts have axial or radial holes for mounting to support structures. Others are grooved for the placement of snap rings or channeled for keyways. Solid or hollow linear shafts with male or female threads and stepped or chamfered ends are also available. Most linear shafts are made of aluminum, alloy steel, carbon steel, stainless steel, composite materials, or plastics. Alloy steel is harder than carbon steel and provides superior durability. Stainless steel is well-suited for applications in which corrosion resistance is an important consideration. Aluminum linear shafts provide good electrical and thermal conductivity, high reflectivity, and resistance to oxidation. Composite materials are often made of carbon fibers bonded together by resins. They are not as strong as metal shafts, but are lightweight and help reduce energy requirements.
Linear shafts are usually coated or hardened to improve durability. Anodizing is a protective surface coating process used mainly with aluminum products. Black oxide coatings are applied to steel or stainless steel shafts to prevent ion corrosion. Ceramic coatings provide a wear-resistant finish while chromium coatings improve corrosion resistance and reduce friction. Linear shafts with nickel or nitride coatings are also available. Teflon®, a registered trademark of DuPont Dow Elastomers, is a class of fluoropolymer resins that is resistant to high temperatures, chemical reactions, corrosion, and stress cracking. Linear shafts that are coated with PTFE are used in a variety of applications. Some steel shafts are case-hardened with carbon or nitrogen. Others are through-hardened to ensure that the entire shaft has the same hardness.
There are several ways to measure the hardness of linear shafts. The Rockwell hardness test presses a steel or diamond cone against a test sample and measures the depth of the resulting indentation. Higher measurements indicate harder materials. For linear shafts, common Rockwell hardness ranges are 50 to 59, 60 to 69, and 70 to 79. The Brinell hardness test subjects a test material to a load of 3000 kg with a hardened steel or carbide ball that is 10 mm in diameter. The Knoop hardness test also measures a material’s hardness through its resistance to indentation. The Vickers hardness test indents a test material with a diamond indenter that is shaped into a right pyramid with a square base and an angle of 136° between opposite faces.
Important specifications for linear shafts include shaft diameter or width, maximum length, weight, height, and tolerance. Most linear shafts have circular or square cross sections and are produced in standard lengths that can be cut to size for specific applications. Weight is measured in per unit distance, typically pounds per feet. Height is the distance from the guide or rail base to the center of the guide or rail. Ultra precision shafts have a very tight tolerance. Standard grade and precision grade linear shafts are also available. |
Related keywords: graphite shaft, case hardening, steel shaft, precision shaft, precision forging, keyed shaft, precision shafting, keyed shafting, linear shaft, precision photonic, precision boring, precision hygrometer, precision linear, hollow shafting, thomson shaft, thompson shaft, precision joining, precision swaging, precision vco 555, precision 885 lcr |
Linear Shafts Engineering Web Results
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 18 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 1 PM
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Flat belts are used in power transmission and conveying systems. They are noted for their power transmission efficiency, cost effectiveness and ease of installation and use. Typical applications include conveyors, compressors, machine tools, and other heavy industrial equipment.
When comparing flat belt drives to V-belt drives, there are advantages to using flat belts. The small bending cross-section of the flat belt causes little bending loss. This fact, coupled with even running and the absence of pulley wedge effects, leads to higher flat belt efficiency. The maximum possible efficiency attained by flat belts is 98%. The gain in efficiency also leads to corresponding savings in energy compared to V-belt a fact that has been proven during practical trials. Service life may also be better for flat belt drives. In flat belt drives, the belt is frictionally engaged on the outer pulley diameter, not on the lateral wedge surfaces as in the case of the 'V' belt drive as a result the wear on the belts and pulleys are less in flat belts. Also, if several 'V' belts run on one drive, they wear unevenly due to production allowances. V-Belts are often tensioned haphazardly i.e., until the individual belts no longer wobble, flat belts can be installed very simply and securely. Belts are tensioned to the calculated initial tension by means of simple measuring marks to be applied to the belt.
Flat belts are manufactured using widely varying components and designs. Materials used in the design of flat belts may include aramid, rubber, cotton or canvas, EPDM, steel, and urethane, among others. The material in use can greatly affect the performance of the belting system and help to determine the types of applications with which it should be used. The properties of various rubber materials may be sensitive to temperature or other extreme operating environments, which may change the characteristics of the material.
Flat belts generally have a traction layer made of oriented polyamide with two covers of elastomer leather or textiles material and one intermediate layer of fabric on each side. The traction layer absorbs the forces exerted on the belt when power is transmitted. The friction cover ensures that the peripheral force acting on the belt pulleys is transmitted to the belt and vice-versa.
Flat belts may be customized for a wide range of applications. Such configurations include an incline to carry product to another level. Flat belts may also have a tracking sleeve under the system to ensure that the belt does not slip, or that the coefficient of friction can be adjusted to prevent slippage. |
Related keywords: power transmission, flat belt, power glide transmission, power transmission belt, belt drive flat, power tensioner transmission, association distributor power transmission, belt drive power transmission, power representative transmission, belt drive transmission, lucas aerospace power transmission corp, flat belt drive, flat belt drive design, flat drive belt, flat teeth driving belt, transmission belt drive, transmission belt power, transmission power belt, belt flat drive, belt transmission power |
Flat Belts Engineering Web Results
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 17 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 10 PM
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Conveyor belts are used in a wide variety of material transport applications such as manufacturing, food processing, and heavy industry.
Belt construction and materials are often application-specific. Belt materials and configuration vary for such specific uses as roofing shingle conveying, bakery oven belts for pies and pizzas, quarry gravel transport, and a very wide variety of others. Belt dimensions are frequently customizable to match the user's specifications or application needs. Conveyor belts are available for a wide range of applications and media transportation. Commercial applications include:
General-purpose belting is rated for general conveying or power transmission. This is a manufacturer rating indicating a variety of uses.
Agricultural belting is designed for agricultural applications including silage transfer, farm equipment belts, etc.
Retail belts used are for commercial purposes such as checkout counters or inventory transfer.
Construction belting for materials such as roofing shingles or plywood, or heavy-duty belt designed for use on construction equipment.
Elevator conveyor belts are typically used in vertical applications with additional safety factors for bucket attachments and holes for meshing with drive and tracking components.
Food and beverage processing belts are designed and rated for use with food or beverage processing applications. Characteristics often include non-absorbent material and easy cleanability.
Forest products are designed for use in the logging, sawmill, tree farm, and related industries.
Mining and quarrying belts are typically very heavy-duty for applications in mines and quarries. This may include transport of such materials as ore, stone, tailings, gravel, aggregate, etc.
High temperature belting is designed from materials that can safely tolerate extreme temperatures, or is designed to transfer high temperature materials. Diverse applications for this type of belting include oven conveyor belting and conveyance of heat-treated parts.
Inclined conveyor belts are designed for use in conveyance of material up an incline, or, less frequently, down an incline.
Manufacturing and fabrication belting is designed for use in factory production lines. This category includes belt designed for specific fabrication applications such as semiconductor chip manufacturing.
Belting for packaging operations is typically abrasion resistant for use with cardboard, package paper, etc.
Power transmission belting is designed and rated for use in power transmission applications - engine belts, belting for power takeoffs, industrial machinery such as lathes, etc.
Belting is also used in the pulp and paper industry to transfer pulp, paper, or paper products.
In addition to the listed forms, custom conveyor belts can be designed for special applications. |
Related keywords: conveyor belt, belting conveyor, belting, conveyer belt, belt conveyer, link belt crane, modular conveyor , incline conveyor , conveyor belt system, conveyor belt manufacturer, belt cleated conveyor, rubber conveyor belt, belt conveyor system, endless belt, synchronous belt, transmission belt, belt tension tester, belt conveyor design, urethane belt, belt drive fan |
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Helix Technologies Financial and Engineering Software - Investment Analysis, ...
... timing belts, polyvee, mechanical engineering, mineral processing, mining, mining engineer, mining engineering, process engineering, project engineer, conveyor, conveyors, belt conveyor, idler, belt ...
http://www.helixtech.com.au/
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Conveyor Belt Solutions, Process Belts, Power Transmission Belts
We also offer free-of-charge plant surveys and conveyor system engineering services to our customers. Our experience and well-trained service technicians and sales engineers are available to assist ...
http://www.glbelt.com/
See Great Lakes Belting & Supply Corporation Information
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Wire Belt Company - Leading Metal Conveyor Wire Belts Manufacturer
Drive Components. *Splicing. *Retrofitting Guidelines. *Conveyor Layouts. *Eye-Flex. *Belt Mesh Specifications. *Specialty Belts *Crowned / Reversed Crown. *Compound / Aligned Flighted Belts. * ...
http://www.wirebelt.com/
See Wire Belt Company of America Information
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October 2004 CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS 209 - 1 CLASS 209, CLASSIFYING, ...
of such methods and apparatus will be carried on a conveyor wherein a code or classified in these indented subclasses. distinguishing marking is placed on the conveyor or on a special receptacle used ...
http://www.uspto.gov/go/classification/uspc209/defs209.pdf
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Conveyor Belt India, Drive Belt India, Hydraulic Hose India, Rubber Sheet India
Belts,Idlers,Pulley,Hoses,Coupling,Valve,RubberSheets Research & Development. Geared up to develop & manufacture industrial conveyor, power transmission ,hydraulic pneumatic Rubber and Engineering ...
http://www.universaldelhi.org/
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 17 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 10 PM
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Belt and chain tensioners reduce belt or chain slack and transmit drive torque uniformly. They also reduce noise and vibration; decrease sprocket, pulley, belt, and chain wear; and increase the life of drive components. In drives, belts and chains are installed with enough tension to create a level of friction that causes the belts or chains to grip the pulleys and the pulleys to turn. Most belt drives consist of flat leather, rubber, or fabric belts running on cylindrical pulleys, or belts with a V-shaped cross section running on grooved pulleys. V-belts require less tension than flat belts because their greater surface area creates more friction. Chain drives that use sprockets are reliable systems for long running, continuous drive applications with limited shock and torque loads.
Some belt and chain tensioners are fixed in place after installation, while others provide various means of adjustment. Manual belt and chain tensioners require operators to adjust screws or unbolt and reposition parts. Spring-loaded tensioners automatically maintain tension as belts or chains wear and stretch. Floating tensioners are mounted on chains and belts, typically with two opposing pulleys or sprockets. Tension rings spin with the drive and mount either inside the belt or chain, or between the drive and the driven pulley or sockets. Belt and chain tensioners sometimes specify the maximum tension rated to maintain in the drive; however, not all tensioners carry this rating. End-of-travel limit switches for floating or spring-loaded tensioners indicate when a tensioner has run out of adjustment and may require repositioning.
Belt and chain tensioners are available in a variety of sizes, styles, and materials. They can handle different minimum and maximum loads as well as temperatures. With chain drives, maximum chain pitch is an additional consideration. Belt and chain tensioners are used in machinery and equipment, automobiles, bicycles, conveyor belts, and numerous other applications. |
Related keywords: power transmission equipment, chain belt, crawler chain, tension surface, furnace chain, drop forged rivetless chain, pulleys gear, how is surface tension used, seat tensioner belt, serpentine tool belt, tension belt, tension in a rope, Belt Tensioner Distributor, Chain Tensioner Distributor, serpentine install belt, tension belt measurement, tension belt tool, tensioner belt seat, tensioner belt timing, timing belt tension tester |
Belt and Chain Tensioners Engineering Web Results
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 17 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 10 PM
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| Materials consist of metals, ceramics, adhesives, polymers, composites, glasses or other specialty materials in raw stock or finished forms. Chemicals are the organic or inorganic molecular building blocks used in processing materials and adhesives. |
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(1131 companies)
Any man-made solid produced by the fusion or sintering of mineral substances in a kiln or hard, heat resistant substances such as fire clay, bricks or blocks.
(3240 companies)
Chemicals are the organic or inorganic molecular building blocks used in processing materials and adhesives. Raw materials include fillers, minerals, gases, and specialized chemical additives.
(1769 companies)
Composites, textiles and reinforcements includes finished composite materials as well as component materials used to construct composites such as matrix resins, fillers, reinforcements, textiles, fibers, reinforcements and core materials.
(918 companies)
Materials such as semiconductors or composites with specialized properties for electrical, optical and specialty applications.
(1381 companies)
Organic or inorganic chemical compound for joining components. Requires clean surface compatible with the adhesive.
(206 companies)
Industrial and specialty gases include pure gases and gas mixtures used in welding, medical, semiconductor, analytical laboratory, chemical process, food and beverage, and heat generation applications.
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(1971 companies)
Liquid and viscous compounds used between surfaces to contain fluids, prevent leaks, and prevent infiltration of unwanted material. May also include compounds for filling gaps or seams.
(1240 companies)
Fluids or oils for heat transfer, lubrication, power transmission or specialized applications.
(1246 companies)
Any of various opaque, fusible, ductile, and typically lustrous substances that are good conductors of electricity and heat, form cations by loss of electrons, and yield basic oxides and hydroxides.
(1743 companies)
Plastics, elastomers and polymers are organic synthetic or processed materials typically consisting of thermoplastic or thermosetting resins that can be made into or supplied as shapes, film, sheet, rod, tube or fiber.
(3487 companies)
Stock materials such as wire rope, fabrics, stock extrusions, strip, bar or sheet materials.
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| oil, manufacturer, sic, oil company, catalyst, Brass, metal sheet, motor oil, Bronze, adhesive, quartz, quartz, alumina, alumina, lube | | |
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 17 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 9 PM
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You are here:GlobalSpec.com > Material Handling and Packaging Equipment |
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| Equipment used to move, store, package any type of material; including forklift trucks, cranes, winches, hoists or hoisting equipment, conveyors, packaging, and labeling and marking equipment. |
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(8931 companies)
Equipment used to move or store any type of material; including forklift trucks, cranes, conveyors, winches, hoists or hoisting equipment.
(3570 companies)
Equipment that is used to package any type of material or goods; including machines and equipment that forms, fills, seals, marks or labels packages at different levels of automation.
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(780 companies)
Equipment for handling, processing and converting continuous webs of textiles, paper, plastic films, metal sheet or other materials.
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| packaging, crane, packer, boom, forklift, fork lift, caster, automatic, conveyor, lift, reel, industrial equipment, container shipping, hose and reel, reel a hose | | |
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 17 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 9 PM
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| Equipment for processing, manufacturing, handling, inspecting, storing, and transporting raw materials and finished products. |
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(1860 companies)
Equipment and products used for abrading , smoothing, or polishing.
(1489 companies)
Instrumentation and equipment used to control the properties and degree of purity of air. These types of equipment include dust collectors, oxidizers, scrubbers and adsorption equipment.
(125 companies)
Building and construction equipment is used in a wide variety of construction projects. Product types include earth-moving equipment, cement mixers, elevators, and tower cranes. Learn more about Building and Construction Equipment
(1010 companies)
Any man-made solid produced by the fusion or sintering of mineral substances in a kiln or hard, heat resistant substances such as fire clay, bricks or blocks.
(1994 companies)
Wide variety of tools for cutting, shaping, and finishing metals and other materials in the manufacturing process.
(1258 companies)
Microelectronics and thin film manufacturing equipment including vacuum systems and components, gas delivery systems, deposition systems, photolithography units, etching equipment, annealing furnaces and other accessories.
(1897 companies)
Instruments and equipment involved in testing, monitoring, and remediation of environmental factors. Specific aspects covered include water and wastewater treatment, air and groundwater quality analysis, waste processing, and pollution control.
(546 companies)
Any piece of equipment used to monitor, distribute, generate, compress and store process and industrial gases.
(2570 companies)
Processing equipment such as centrifuges, clarifiers, and several filter technologies used to filter or separate media of different materials or sizes.
(3632 companies)
Ovens, furnaces, induction heaters, welding equipment, heat exchangers, fans, blowers, refrigerators, baths and other equipment for heating or cooling materials.
(2140 companies)
Tools, equipment, and supplies for industrial fabrication, assembly, and prototyping.
(2546 companies)
Equipment and supplies used to refine or roughen a surface to meet surface finish requirements or to clean, strengthen or prepare the surface for additional processing.
(1043 companies)
Electrical resistance heaters or their internal elements; designed to provide an integrated thermal source for products or systems.
(717 companies)
Components or systems that protect industrial machinery, operators or moving parts from injury or damage from electrical, mechanical or other potential hazards.
(1720 companies)
Equipment for metrology, inspection and quality control of dimensional features, internal flaw levels, surface characteristics and other industry specialized parameters.
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(2479 companies)
Machine tools are power driven machines used to cut, form, or shape metal and other materials.
(3521 companies)
Tooling components and accessories for manufacturing equipment.
(3322 companies)
Extruding, casting, forging, compacting, heat treating, molding, rolling or other processing machines and components used for metals, polymers or other materials.
(4619 companies)
Fluid transfer components, including all size hose, pipe, and tubing, with various general use and application-specific fittings.
(1226 companies)
Personal protective equipment is used to protect individuals from personal injury.
(1668 companies)
Instruments for monitoring and automatically revising process parameters such as temperature, pressure, force, humidity, level and flow.
(2920 companies)
Machines and devices used for the raising, compression or transference of a variety of materials.
(204 companies)
Safety sensors and switches are used in machines and other industrial aplications to safeguard equipment and prevent personal injury.
(6609 companies)
Solids processing and bulk material handling equipment, including milling, classifying, compacting, granulating, feeding, flow-controlling or drying machines and components used to process powders or other bulk materials.
(1022 companies)
Equipment and components used for specialized applications. Some examples include wire straightening, lubrication, and the creation of extrusions, pultrusions, castings, and molded shapes.
(5467 companies)
Stock materials such as wire rope, fabrics, stock extrusions, strip, bar or sheet materials.
(2892 companies)
Products to coat and protect surfaces from contamination and corrosion.
(1233 companies)
Equipment used to contain or store materials prior to, during, and after their processing.
(1475 companies)
Vacuum equipment is used for degassing, welding, and the manufacturing of thin films, semiconductors, optics and specialty materials.
(780 companies)
Equipment for handling, processing and converting continuous webs of textiles, paper, plastic films, metal sheet or other materials.
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| control panel, wood working, manufacturer, robot, packaging, pump, cutting, welding, microscope, controller, robotic, furnace, barometer, faucet, sic | | |
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 17 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 9 PM
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Adjustable speed drives change the speed of a driven shaft to a speed selected by the operator. Additionally, these drives are used to maintain the speed of a machine to very close tolerances: ±0.1% is not uncommon. This is much more accurate than the speed control offered by conventional AC motors, which can vary 3% from no load to full. Important performance specifications to consider when searching for adjustable speed drives include output shaft speed, output torque, continuous output power, and speed control. The output shaft speed is the no load rotational speed of output shaft at rated terminal voltage. Output torque describes the torque capability of the drive under constant running conditions. The continuous output power is the mechanical power provided by the drive output. Choices for speed control include handwheel, lever, screw, electric, and solid-state.
Choices for drive types for adjustable speed drives include traction drives, belt and chain drives, gear drives or differentials, hydraulic drives, eddy current drives, and magnetic coupling. Traction drives depend upon friction between a speed adjusting mechanism and specially shaped input and output plates to achieve adjustable speed with relatively high efficiency. Belt and train drives operate with adjustable diameter sheaves or pulleys. Gear drives are the most durable, rugged, and efficient of all adjustable-speed drives, but they are capable of providing only a specific number of fixed gear ratios. In a hydraulic drive there are two main methods of hydraulically varying the speed of the driven load when the driving motor is operating at a constant speed, fluid coupling and hydraulic pump and motor. An eddy current drive is an adjustable speed drives in which a constant speed AC motor drives a drum assembly. In a magnetic coupling drive the magnetic coupling replaces the physical connection between motors and loads with a gap of air. The output shaft position on hydraulic drives can be horizontal, vertical up, or vertical down. Shaft orientation choices include in-line, offset parallel, and right angle. Mounting choices are base or flange.
Adjustable speed drives can have an integrated motor in a packaged configuration. The "packaged" drive consists of the adjustable speed section and an electric motor. The unit may also include a geared reducer. Choices for motor input include 115/120V 60 Hz, 208-230 / 240V 60 Hz, 460 / 480V 60 Hz, 575 / 600V 60 Hz, 50 Hz / International Power, DC motor, and hydraulic motor. The phase for adjustable speed drives can be single or three phase. Common features for adjustable speed drives include integrated gears, continuously variable, C-flange adapters, hollow shaft, speed feedback, and reversible. Motor enclosure options include open frame or frameless, drip-proof, dust-proof, and totally enclosed. Special or extreme environments that adjustable speed drives can be configured for include cleanroom, cryogenic, explosion-proof, radiation hardened, vacuum use, and washdown duty. |
Related keywords: variable speed, variable speed motor, magnetic drive, mechanical gears, eddy current drive, variable speed motor drive, adjustable lever, speed variator, variable belt drive, adjustable speed drive, eddy current coupling, drive belt teeth gear, variable speed gearmotor, adjustable drive belt, motor belt drive speed, variable drive belt, mechanical speed sensor, drive friction, variator speed, belt drive variable |
Adjustable Speed Drives Engineering Web Results
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 17 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 9 PM
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Adjustable speed drives change the speed of a driven shaft to a speed selected by the operator. Additionally, these drives are used to maintain the speed of a machine to very close tolerances: ±0.1% is not uncommon. This is much more accurate than the speed control offered by conventional AC motors, which can vary 3% from no load to full. Important performance specifications to consider when searching for adjustable speed drives include output shaft speed, output torque, continuous output power, and speed control. The output shaft speed is the no load rotational speed of output shaft at rated terminal voltage. Output torque describes the torque capability of the drive under constant running conditions. The continuous output power is the mechanical power provided by the drive output. Choices for speed control include handwheel, lever, screw, electric, and solid-state.
Choices for drive types for adjustable speed drives include traction drives, belt and chain drives, gear drives or differentials, hydraulic drives, eddy current drives, and magnetic coupling. Traction drives depend upon friction between a speed adjusting mechanism and specially shaped input and output plates to achieve adjustable speed with relatively high efficiency. Belt and train drives operate with adjustable diameter sheaves or pulleys. Gear drives are the most durable, rugged, and efficient of all adjustable-speed drives, but they are capable of providing only a specific number of fixed gear ratios. In a hydraulic drive there are two main methods of hydraulically varying the speed of the driven load when the driving motor is operating at a constant speed, fluid coupling and hydraulic pump and motor. An eddy current drive is an adjustable speed drives in which a constant speed AC motor drives a drum assembly. In a magnetic coupling drive the magnetic coupling replaces the physical connection between motors and loads with a gap of air. The output shaft position on hydraulic drives can be horizontal, vertical up, or vertical down. Shaft orientation choices include in-line, offset parallel, and right angle. Mounting choices are base or flange.
Adjustable speed drives can have an integrated motor in a packaged configuration. The "packaged" drive consists of the adjustable speed section and an electric motor. The unit may also include a geared reducer. Choices for motor input include 115/120V 60 Hz, 208-230 / 240V 60 Hz, 460 / 480V 60 Hz, 575 / 600V 60 Hz, 50 Hz / International Power, DC motor, and hydraulic motor. The phase for adjustable speed drives can be single or three phase. Common features for adjustable speed drives include integrated gears, continuously variable, C-flange adapters, hollow shaft, speed feedback, and reversible. Motor enclosure options include open frame or frameless, drip-proof, dust-proof, and totally enclosed. Special or extreme environments that adjustable speed drives can be configured for include cleanroom, cryogenic, explosion-proof, radiation hardened, vacuum use, and washdown duty. |
Related keywords: variable speed, variable speed motor, magnetic drive, mechanical gears, eddy current drive, variable speed motor drive, adjustable lever, speed variator, variable belt drive, adjustable speed drive, eddy current coupling, drive belt teeth gear, variable speed gearmotor, adjustable drive belt, motor belt drive speed, variable drive belt, mechanical speed sensor, drive friction, variator speed, belt drive variable |
Adjustable Speed Drives Engineering Web Results
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 17 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 9 PM
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You are here:GlobalSpec.com > Industrial Computers and Embedded Systems |
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| Rugged computers, computer cards, microcontrollers and microprocessors, peripherals and software used in industrial or manufacturing environments, such as in factory floors, engineering offices, and other industrial sites. |
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| Choose a category to find products, suppliers, and related Web resources. |
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(843 companies)
A device that has a common pathway along with data and control signals travel between different hardware devices withing a computer system or different computer systems.
(4429 companies)
Displays, printers, pointing devices, disk drives, and other input or output computer devices.
(1865 companies)
Components used in industrial computing applications to conduct and transfer signals or power from one cable to another.
(716 companies)
The process and the technology of retrieving data from processes with the purpose of analyzing it.
(1033 companies)
Desktop personal computers are small, relatively inexpensive computers designed for an individual user. All are based on the microprocessor technology that enables manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one chip.
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(2018 companies)
Embedded systems include products and components that drive microcontroller and embedded microprocessor-based computer systems. This category includes both the chips and circuit boards that are the focus of the system, as well as the bus-driven accessori
(3306 companies)
Industrial computing covers distributed client / server computing. Servers are powerful computers or processors dedicated to managing disk drives, printers, automated industrial processes or network traffic. Clients are PCs or workstations on which users.
(610 companies)
Mobile computing systems include handheld, portable, or vehicular systems, which offer integrated features such as GPS receivers, cell phones, barcode scanners for data collection, mapping and navigational software, or touch screen displays.
(157 companies)
RAID products include component within a RAID system, such as RAID controllers and RAID disk arrays.
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| sbc, ram, keyboard, usb, lcd monitor, board, lcd display, controller, network cable, processor, cd-rw, data storage, ethernet, video capture, plc | | |
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 17 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 9 PM
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| Software designed for engineering, manufacturing, quality assurance, and other industrial applications. |
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| Choose a category to find products, suppliers, and related Web resources. |
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(117 companies)
Bar code software identifies or decodes bar code symbology, generates output strings corresponding to barcode values, creates bar code fonts, prints bar codes, and/or performs tracking, etc. Learn more about Bar Code Software
(72 companies)
Business process management (BPM) software enables companies to map, model and improve business processes across the organization. Companies use BPM software to define business rules, model current processes, and identify areas for improvement. Learn more about BPM Software (Business Process Management)
(1542 companies)
Business transaction, financial and personal business software is used to facilitate any aspect of business transactions. Learn more about Business Transaction and Personal Business Software
(437 companies)
Computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), and computer aided engineering (CAE) software is used for mechanical, electrical or electronic design; simulation, drafting, and engineering; and analysis and manufacturing. Learn more about CAD / CAM Software
(54 companies)
Calibration management software is used to generate documentation of calibration results, calibration certificates and reports. It also provides lookups of calibration procedures and database functions. Learn more about Calibration Management Software
(40 companies)
Civil engineering and architectural software is the set of tools used to design, simulate and analyze civil engineering structures such as bridges, roads and buildings. Learn more about Civil Engineering and Architectural Software
(12 companies)
Cluster software and tools are used to create, analyze, optimize, expand and manage high performance applications on clusters. Learn more about Cluster Software / Tools
(34 companies)
Computerized maintenance management systems / enterprise asset management (CMMS/EAM) software is used to manage maintenance operations on capital equipment and other assets and properties. Learn more about CMMS / EAM Software
(8 companies)
Code analyzer software and tools enable programmers and quality assurance (QA) managers to check source code for compliance with established standards. These products are also useful for improving source code. Learn more about Code Analyzer Software / Tools
(909 companies)
Communications and network software is used for the setup and management of digital communication networks such as LAN and WAN computer networks, electronic mail, audio and video networks, wireless communication systems, etc. Learn more about Communications Software
(31 companies)
Computational fluid dynamics software (CFD) is used for the calculation of flow parameters in fluids, and for the design and simulation of the behavior of fluidic systems. Learn more about Computational Fluid Dynamics Software (CFD)
(375 companies)
Customer relationship management (CRM) software is used to support business processes and to find and retain customers. Typically, CRM software consists of modules such as sales force automation, call management, self-service, etc. Learn more about CRM Software
(571 companies)
Data acquisition, SCADA and analysis software is designed to collect, record, store, present and analyze data collected from sensors and other digital devices. Learn more about Data Acquisition and Analysis Software
(383 companies)
Data storage management software is designed for database management, data backup and recovery, and other data management functions. Learn more about Data Storage Management Software
(187 companies)
Document management software and enterprise content management software are used to manage file documents. Functions performed by this type of software system include: produce, dispose, organize, monitor, use, retrieve, archive and interchange. Learn more about Document Management Software and ECM
(65 companies)
Electronic design automation (EDA) software and electronic computer-aided design (ECAD) software are tools used to design and develop electronic systems and integrated circuits. Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) designs and simulate processes. Learn more about EDA Software
(238 companies)
Educational and training software is used in applications such as distance learning, online training, and more specific programs such as equipment training and support. Learn more about Educational and Training Software
(694 companies)
Engineering analysis and modeling software is designed to model, analyze, and predict responses and interactions for applications such as materials, structures, chemical and biological processes, electronic system performance, etc. Learn more about Engineering Analysis Software
(457 companies)
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software supports the entire business process. Typically, ERP consists of modules such as marketing and sales, field service, production, inventory control, procurement, distribution, human resources (HR), etc. Learn more about ERP Software
(40 companies)
Finite element analysis (FEA) software uses a numerical technique to model and analyze complex structures by solving boundary-value problems. The structure to be analyzed is divided into points (elements) that make a grid called a mesh. Learn more about Finite Element Analysis Software
(88 companies)
Fleet management software and Transportation Management System Software (TMS Software) are used to supervise, manage, locate, schedule and maintain vehicle fleets. Learn more about Fleet Management Software
(89 companies)
Graphics software is used to produce video graphics and to edit and convert graphic files of different formats. These types of software include raster graphics, vector graphics, raster to vector conversion (R2V), and others. Learn more about Graphics Software
(88 companies)
Graphing and visualization software visually present abstract scientific data. The programs take numerical data and create (render) images for analysis. Learn more about Graphing and Visualization Software
(12 companies)
Human machine interface (HMI) software enables operators to manage industrial and process control machinery via a computer-based graphical user interface (GUI). The computer on which HMI software is installed is called a human machine interface or HMI. Learn more about HMI Software
(170 companies)
Image analysis software is used to enhance, identify or quantify features in an image by breaking down or applying digital image filters. Learn more about Image Analysis Software
(24 companies)
Laboratory information management systems (LIMS) software is used to manage information and data in scientific and commercial laboratories. Learn more about Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS)
(9 companies)
Language translation software is used to translate documents from one human language to another. Learn more about Language Translation Software
(239 companies)
Machine control software is designed for personal computers (PCs) or stand-alone controllers. It allows personnel to configure, program, and calibrate computerized machinery. Learn more about Machine Control Software
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(25 companies)
Manufacturing execution system (MES) software is used to manage and monitor work-in-process on the factory floor. MES software supports activities such as finite scheduling, workflow monitoring, and materials management. Learn more about Manufacturing Execution System (MES) Software
(399 companies)
Manufacturing support software is used in shop floor, process, tool and maintenance management. Learn more about Manufacturing Support Software
(11 companies)
Math calculation software is used to perform mathematical calculations. These programs provide general core calculations as well as graphical analysis that can be used in science, engineering and technology. Learn more about Math Calculation Software
(24 companies)
Mechanical computer aided-design (MCAD) software packages are tools used by mechanical engineers and designers to design and develop mechanical systems. Learn more about MCAD Software
(124 companies)
Media and presentation software include tools and applications for the creation of multimedia presentations for broadcast or advertising and marketing use. It often uses media such as CDs and DVDs. Learn more about Media and Presentation Software
(301 companies)
Medical and healthcare software is used in hospitals, clinics, and related facilities. This category includes software used to control and monitor medical devices, and software used for medical practice management and patient billing. Learn more about Medical Software
(65 companies)
Microprocessor compilers are programs that translate high-level language codes into assembly (machine) code. Debuggers are programs that track and correct errors (bugs) in program code. Learn more about Microprocessor Compilers and Debuggers
(37 companies)
Mobile and wireless software is used to program and manage mobile and wireless devices such as cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDA), and global positioning systems (GPS). Learn more about Mobile / Wireless Software
(90 companies)
Motion control software uses advanced algorithms for programming, monitoring, and optimizing digital motion control products. Learn more about Motion Control Software
(152 companies)
Network monitoring software is used to monitor network traffic for user-defined parameters. Learn more about Network Monitoring Software
(76 companies)
Product data management (PDM) software is used to manage the operation, development and maintenance of products. Product lifecycle management (PLM) tools are used to manage the entire lifecycle of a product. Learn more about PDM / PLM Software
(351 companies)
Programming languages and database tools software are development suites for computer languages that provide the commands, grammar and syntax for instructing digital devices (computers) to perform specific tasks. Learn more about Programming Languages and Database Tools Software
(20 companies)
Protocol stack software is a set of hierarchical network protocols that manage the flow of data in communication systems. Each protocol in the stack or suite supports the protocol above it and uses the one below it. TCP/IP is an example of a stack. Learn more about Protocol Stack Software
(234 companies)
Quality assurance, inspection, and compliance software is used for the verification and inspection of products and processes. It is used in compliance monitoring and may be involved in product or system certification. Learn more about Quality Assurance, Inspection, and Compliance Software
(56 companies)
RFID software is used to process data sent to and received from radio frequency identification (RFID) devices such as RFID readers, writers, and printers. Learn more about RFID Software
(352 companies)
Scanning, OCR and imaging software is used in optical and document scanners, specialized imaging equipment, and optical character recognition (OCR) systems. Products are used to digitize, create, edit or evaluate images. Learn more about Scanning / OCR / Imaging Software
(1638 companies)
Scheduling and productivity software is designed for monitoring and improving scheduling, efficiency, productivity and project management. Learn more about Scheduling and Productivity Software
(274 companies)
Security software programs are used to restrict access to data, files and users on a computer or server. Learn more about Security Software
(422 companies)
Server and operating system software includes platforms for operating, managing, and monitoring industrial networks and computers. Learn more about Server & Operating System Software
(133 companies)
Shipping, mailing and logistics software is used in the management and scheduling of mailing, shipping, and tracking of letters, packages, equipment, etc. Learn more about Shipping, Mailing, and Logistics Software
(199 companies)
Simulation software is used to mimic a process or a system (e.g., electrical, optical, or mechanical) for the purposes of testing or calibration. Learn more about Simulation Software
(101 companies)
Software drivers are programs that provide the interface between general use software (such as an operating system) and specific hardware or software modules. With personal computers (PCs), drivers are often packaged as dynamic link library (DLL) files. Learn more about Software Drivers
(2016 companies)
Specialty or proprietary software includes firmware, gaming software, and digital imaging and automation software. Learn more about Specialty Software
(22 companies)
Statistical analysis software analyzes data to make predictions using statistical methods. It can be used to solve manufacturing problems, develop efficient industrial processes, or to make breakthrough discoveries. Learn more about Statistical Analysis Software
(139 companies)
Supply chain management software (SCM) is used to track and monitor products and services. Learn more about Supply Chain Management Software (SCM)
(72 companies)
Voice recognition software is designed to recognize spoken words and convert them into digital data, computer commands, or text. Learn more about Voice Recognition Software
(73 companies)
Warehouse management systems (WMS) are used to manage the movement and storage of materials in a warehouse. Learn more about Warehouse Management Systems (WMS)
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| document management, business software, crm software, project management software, network monitoring software, small business software, scheduling software, security software, cad software, medical software, data recovery software, inventory management software, asset management software, ocr, engineering software | | |
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 17 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 9 PM
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| Equipment and components for the capture, processing, display and storage of video signals in analog or digital format. |
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(489 companies)
Devices such as scanners and verifiers, used to decode (read) the bar codes stamped on products.
(243 companies)
Closed circuit television (CCTV) systems are used for area surveillance and remote monitoring. Some systems can record events and trigger alarms. Learn more about Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)
(81 companies)
Devices that record images including charge coupled devices (CCD) and CMOS image sensors.
(1003 companies)
Systems using optical, video and computer hardware for automated inspection and measurement in production environments.
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(2296 companies)
Any type of equipment used to display information in various formats including, digital readouts, indicator lights or panel meters.
(875 companies)
Cameras, lenses, controllers, switchers, and other related equipment for image capturing and processing.
(784 companies)
Equipment for the transfer, routing, and storage of analog and digital video imaging, including recorders, monitors, and servers.
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| video server, video digital recorder, lcd monitor, surveillance camera, lcd display, vcr, recorder, led, led light, video capture, scanner bar code, bar code scanner, imaging, bar code label, barcode printer | | |
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 17 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 9 PM
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| Devices using pressurized air, water, gas, and/or special fluids for power transmission. |
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(3025 companies)
Hydraulic power sources, actuators and accessories, such as pumps, cylinders, motors, control valves, accumulators, and reservoirs.
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(3638 companies)
Pneumatic power sources, actuators and accessories, such as compressors, cylinders, motors, control valves, manifolds, filters, dryers, and regulators.
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| air compressor, compressor, valve, coupling, oil filter, tubing, stainless steel tubing, cylinder hydraulic, hydraulic and cylinder, hydraulic, hydraulic pump, hydraulic and pump, steel tubing, cylinder, aluminum tubing | | |
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 17 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 9 PM
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| Machines and devices, including valves, meters and computer controllers, used to manage the movement of materials. |
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(105 companies)
Any method used to determine density and specific gravity including hydrometers, digital instruments, pycnometers, etc.
(1409 companies)
Flow measurement instruments are used to determine flow rate by monitoring the amount of media passing during a specific time. Devices within this category can monitor liquids, gases or solids, and measure in units of mass, velocity or volume.
(1173 companies)
Devices used to detect or measure level of liquids, gases or solids, within pipes or tanks, or to detect the interfaces between different materials.
(2920 companies)
Machines and devices used for the raising, compression or transference of a variety of materials.
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(4946 companies)
Products related to the material flow and handling of goods.
(500 companies)
Devices designed to automatically control and monitor the position of valves, in relation to their open or closed positions.
(3390 companies)
Devices that regulate the flow of gases, liquids, or loose materials through piping by opening, closing, or obstructing ports or passageways.
(124 companies)
Instruments and sensors for measuring the viscosity (resistance to flow) or viscoelastic properties of liquid or molten glass and plastic.
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| pump, acquisition, valve, sensor, sump pump, pvc pipe, vacuum pump, tubing, vaccum pump, pond pump, piston, pump well, flow meter, adc, chemical pump | | |
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 17 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 9 PM
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| Components and products used in electrical or electronics circuits. |
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| Choose a category to find products, suppliers, and related Web resources. |
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(489 companies)
Devices such as scanners and verifiers, used to decode (read) the bar codes stamped on products.
(1250 companies)
Devices that convert stored energy into electrical current; the two main types are chemical batteries and physical batteries such as solar cells, nuclear energy and thermal batteries.
(2171 companies)
Components used to conduct and transfer signals (electrical, optical, rf, etc.) or power from one cable to another.
(510 companies)
Devices such as a keyboard or mouse, used to interact with other devices or computers for the purpose of inputting data.
(247 companies)
Small components and hardware for electrical and electronic applications.
(4014 companies)
Equipment used to distribute power and protect other equipments and systems from current or voltage surges.
(514 companies)
Electrical testing instruments for current leakage and insulation resistance measurements.
(6572 companies)
Used for enclosing or containing electrical, electronic, or mechanical components, or to provide protection for their operators.
(1813 companies)
Devices and equipment used to regulate temperature by removing heat from electrical and electronic components.
(1079 companies)
Fuses protect electrical devices from overcurrents and short circuits that occur in improperly operating circuits.
(554 companies)
Industrial counters and industrial timers are used in a variety of applications including process timing, process control, and unit counting.
(900 companies)
Electrical resistance heaters or their internal elements; designed to provide an integrated thermal source for products or systems.
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(980 companies)
Lighting fixtures and lamps are used for illumination purposes or to provide a source of light for a specific application. This category includes Halogen, Incandescent, Fluorescent, and Lighting Fixtures.
(305 companies)
A magnet is simply any material capable of attracting iron and producing a magnetic field outside itself, either naturally or induced.
(1586 companies)
Any type of equipment used to display information in various formats including, digital readouts, indicator lights or panel meters.
(1888 companies)
All types of rotary and linear motors, including AC, DC, servo, stepper, induction, hydraulic, pneumatic motors.
(3968 companies)
Passive electronic components such as resistors, inductors and capacitors that do not require power to operate.
(1886 companies)
Products and accessories related to power generation and storage.
(4227 companies)
Devices that produce constant voltage and stabilize voltage levels and signals.
(1071 companies)
Relays are electromechanical switches in which the variation of current in one electric circuit controls the flow of electricity in another circuit.
(373 companies)
Electrical devices used to detect and control high voltage or current surges in order to protect equipments or systems.
(1432 companies)
Devices used to route signals by allowing or preventing the signal flow when in closed or open position.
(1267 companies)
Transformers transfer electrical energy from one electric circuit to another, typically by the principles of electromagnetic induction. Transformer types include potential, current, step-up, step-down, distribution and others.
(4436 companies)
Wires, cables, and accessories used to transmit electrical power or signals.
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| military, electronic, lamp, transformer, generator, power and supply, power supply, motor, fuel cell, lcd monitor, motor electric, lcd display, electric motor, capacitor, surge protector | | |
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 17 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 9 PM
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اینم هست
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 17 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 8 PM
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اینه
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Find Products and Suppliers for
Power Transmission |
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Research
Power Transmission |
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Belts and pulleys, sprockets and chains, gears, and other drive components used to transmit power.
| Adjustable Speed Drives (150 companies) - Adjustable speed drives alter the speed of a driven shaft to a speed selected by an operator. Learn more about Adjustable Speed Drives |
| Belt and Chain Tensioners (32 companies) - Belt and chain tensioners apply and maintain correct tension on power transmission drive systems. Learn more about Belt and Chain Tensioners |
| Belt Drives (45 companies) - Belt drives are attached between a sprocket at the transmission output and a sprocket attached to the rear wheel. They require no lubrication, so they are one of the cleanest final drive systems. |
| Chain Drives (34 companies) - Chain drives use a chain connected between a sprocket at the transmission output and a sprocket attached to the rear wheel. Drive chains consist of a number of links that contain pins, rollers, bushings, and plates. |
| Conveyor Belts (280 companies) - Conveyor belts are used in a wide variety of material transport applications such as manufacturing, food processing, and heavy industry. Belt construction and belt materials are often application-specific. Learn more about Conveyor Belts |
| Flat Belts (132 companies) - Flat belts are used in transmission and conveying systems. They feature transmission efficiency, cost effectiveness and ease of installation and use. Typical belt applications include conveyors, machine tools, and heavy industrial equipment. Learn more about Flat Belts |
| Flat Belt Pulleys (63 companies) - Flat belt pulleys are used in transmission systems that are driven by flat belts. |
| Flexible Couplings (236 companies) - Flexible couplings connect rotating members while allowing some degree of angular or parallel misalignment. Learn more about Flexible Couplings |
| Flexible Shafts (18 companies) - Flexible shafts provide rotary power transmission along curved or adjustable axes. They are used in a wide variety of remote control, valve actuation, and power transmission applications. Learn more about Flexible Shafts |
| Flywheels (16 companies) - Flywheels have a high mass and are connected to a rotating shaft that smoothes the delivery of torque, or turning power, from a motor or engine. The inertia of flywheels allows them to absorb and release energy with little change in speed. |
| Gearboxes and Gearheads (488 companies) - Gearboxes and gearheads are speed reducers that consist of a set of gears, shafts, and bearings in an enclosed housing. In converting inputs to outputs, they reduce RPM and increase torque. Learn more about Gearboxes and Gearheads |
| Gears |
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Gears |
(302 companies) - Gears are mechanical devices that transmit power and motion between axes. |
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Bevel and Miter Gears |
(104 companies) - Bevel and miter gears have conical faces that operate on intersecting axes. Miter gears are bevel gears with a 1:1 ratio operating on right axes. |
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Gear Manufacturing Services |
(283 companies) - Gear manufacturing services design and fabricate gears to customer specifications. |
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Helical Gears |
(108 companies) - Helical gears transmit power and motion between parallel axes (opposite hand) or right-angle axes (same-hand). |
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Herringbone Gears |
(38 companies) - Herringbone gears use teeth with two opposing helices and transmit power and motion between parallel axes. They sometimes have a center groove. |
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Hypoid Gears |
(38 companies) - Hypoid gears have specially formed teeth on a circular face that are driven by a worm-like drive on non-intersecting axes. |
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Metric Gears |
(56 companies) - Metric gears are defined by module, which designates the center-to-center distance between successive teeth. |
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Rack & Pinion Gears |
(71 companies) - Rack and pinion gears are used to convert rotation into linear motion. |
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Specialty Gears |
(21 companies) - Specialty or proprietary products and accessories related to gear types. |
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Spur Gears |
(135 companies) - Spur gears are straight-toothed gears with radial teeth that transmit power and motion between parallel axes. |
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Worms and Worm Gears |
(103 companies) - Worm gears are cylindrical gears with a spiral thread that drive mating worm wheels in high-reduction gearset applications. They operate on non-intersecting perpendicular axes. | |
| Idler Pulleys (42 companies) - Idler pulleys are used to take up slack, change the direction of transmission, or provide clutching action. |
| Index Drives (18 companies) - Index drives are used to start and stop a table, conveyor or other equipment at precise intervals. Types of index drives include cam index drives, ring index drives, and roller gear index drives. |
| Linear Shafts (34 companies) - Linear shafts are elongated, rod-shaped devices that provide linear or rotary motion for power transmission applications. Learn more about Linear Shafts |
| Locknuts, Precision (50 companies) - Precision locknuts are used to secure bearings, gears, and other power transmission products to shafts and spindles. Learn more about Locknuts, Precision |
| Mechanical Feedthroughs (26 companies) - Mechanical feedthroughs transmit mechanical motion through the walls of a vacuum system. Both linear and rotary feedthroughs are included in this grouping. Learn more about Mechanical Feedthroughs |
| Offset Couplings (3 companies) - Offset couplings provide a smooth flow of power for maximum product quality. Unlike universal joints, offset couplings do not suffer performance losses when shaft offset is increased. |
| Power Take Offs (31 companies) - Power take offs (PTOs) are extensions of a vehicle's drive train that can be engaged to power auxiliary equipment such as plows, augers, winches, and many other material handling, construction, and agricultural implements. |
| Precision Shafting (48 companies) - Precision shafting provides the highest degree of accuracy, concentricity, straightness and surface perfection attainable in commercial practice. |
| Ratchets and Pawls (9 companies) - Ratchets and pawls are mechanical gearing used to transmit intermittent rotary motion. They permit a shaft to rotate in one direction, but not in the opposite one. Learn more about Ratchets and Pawls |
| Rigid Couplings (112 companies) - Rigid couplings connect rotating members such as shafts. They secure onto both members and provide transmission of torque and motion. Learn more about Rigid Couplings |
| Roller Chain (161 companies) - Roller chains are used in many power transmission designs. They are characterized by ANSI and BS/DIN standard sizes. Learn more about Roller Chain |
| Rotary Shafts (47 companies) - Rotary shafts are elongated, rod-shaped devices that rotate about a longitudinal axis and transmit torque. They are similar in shape to linear shafts, but are designed to withstand torsional forces. Learn more about Rotary Shafts |
| Round Belt Pulleys (44 companies) - Round belt or grooved pulleys are used in drives and mechanical systems with o-rings or round belts, cables, ropes and wires. Learn more about Round Belt Pulleys |
| Round Belts and O-ring Belts (40 companies) - Round belts and o-ring belts are light-to-medium duty power transmission belts. They can be solid or hollow, and can easily be used in 3-D applications. Learn more about Round Belts and O-ring Belts |
| Shaft-Hub Locking Devices (37 companies) - Shaft-hub locking devices frictionally clamp gears, pulleys, flywheels, and other components to a shaft without the need for threads or keys. Learn more about Shaft-Hub Locking Devices |
| Shaft Collars (74 companies) - Shaft collars attach to shafts and are used as stop features or targets for devices such as tachometers. Learn more about Shaft Collars |
| Sprockets, Roller Chain, English (172 companies) - English roller chain sprockets engage chains in many different power transmission and conveyor systems. Sprockets and chains are often an economic, reliable drive system for long running, continuous drive applications with limited shock and torque loads. English sprockets are classified according to ANSI number designations. Learn more about Sprockets, Roller Chain, English |
| Sprockets, Roller Chain, Metric (97 companies) - Metric roller chain sprockets engage chains in many different power transmission and conveyor systems. Sprockets and chains are often an economic, reliable drive system for long running, continuous drive applications with limited shock and torque loads. Metric sprockets are classified according to ISO number designations. Learn more about Sprockets, Roller Chain, Metric |
| Timing Belts, English Pitch (143 companies) - Timing belts are transmission drive belts with teeth for efficient, high-power synchronous drives. English or imperial pitch is the distance between belt teeth based on inches. Learn more about Timing Belts, English Pitch |
| Timing Belts, Metric Pitch (123 companies) - Timing belts are transmission drive belts with teeth for efficient, high-power synchronous drives. Metric pitch is the distance between belt teeth based on millimeters. Learn more about Timing Belts, Metric Pitch |
| Timing Pulley Flanges (14 companies) - Timing pulley flanges are used to maintain belt contact with a pulley in a transmission application. Learn more about Timing Pulley Flanges |
| Timing Pulleys, English Pitch (101 companies) - Timing pulleys mesh with same-pitch timing belts on synchronous drives where maintenance of speed ratio is important. English or imperial pitch pulleys have an inch-based pitch designation. Learn more about Timing Pulleys, English Pitch |
| Timing Pulleys, Metric Pitch (96 companies) - Timing pulleys mesh with same-pitch timing belts on synchronous drives where maintenance of speed ratio is important. Metric pitch pulleys have a millimeter-based pitch designation. Learn more about Timing Pulleys, Metric Pitch |
| Tire Protection Chains (9 companies) - Tire protection chains are used to reduce the danger of tire puncture from sharp rocks, heat, scrap metal or other hazards. |
| Universal Joints (88 companies) - Universal joints are flexible mechanical connections used to transmit rotary motion from one shaft to another shaft that is not in line with the first, or when alignment varies during service. Learn more about Universal Joints |
| V-Belt Pulleys (123 companies) - V-belt pulleys or sheaves mate with drive belts in numerous power transmission applications. They are made in many configurations such as tension idlers and variable speed / ratio pulleys. Learn more about V-Belt Pulleys |
| V-Belts (187 companies) - V-belts are power transmission drive belts with a triangular or trapezoidal cross section. They are available in a variety of belt materials, reinforcement styles, and speed configurations. Learn more about V-Belts |
| Variable Transmissions (46 companies) - Variable transmissions are used in industrial applications to alter the speed of an output shaft. Learn more about Variable Transmissions |
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Mechanical power transmission systems may involve belts and chains drives, gears and gear drives, couplings, clutches and brakes, and a number of other components. Belt drives are attached in a mechanical power transmission system between a sprocket at the transmission output and a sprocket attached to the rear wheel. They require no lubrication, so they are one of the cleanest final drive systems. Flat belts are used in power transmission and conveying systems. They are noted for their power transmission efficiency, cost effectiveness and ease of installation and use.
Typical applications include conveyors, compressors, machine tools, and other heavy industrial equipment. V-belts are power transmission drive belts with a triangular or trapezoidal cross section. V-belts are used with mating pulleys in many drives where speed ratio is not critical. They are manufactured in many materials, cross-sections, banded multiples, reinforcement styles, and constant and variable speed configurations.
Chain drives use a chain connected between a sprocket at the transmission output and a sprocket attached to the rear wheel. Drive chains consist of a number of links that contain pins, rollers, bushings, and plates. Sprockets engage chains in many different power transmission and conveyor systems. Chain drives are often used as economic, reliable drive systems for long running, continuous drive applications with limited shock and torque loads. Metric sprockets are classified according to ISO number designations. Sprockets engage chains in many different power transmission and conveyor systems. Chain drives are often used as economic, reliable drive systems for long running, continuous drive applications with limited shock and torque loads. English sprockets are classified according to ANSI number designations.
Flexible shafts couple a drive to an actuator along a curved, circuitous, or dynamically moving path. Unidirectional shafts are used for power transmission along non-straight axes in industrial automation, heavy industry, and specialized applications such as agricultural equipment, speedometers, dentistry, woodworking, and jeweler’s tools. Bidirectional flexible shafts are used in remote control, valve actuation, and safety devices. Flexible couplings couple or connect rotating members such as motors and drive shafts while allowing misalignment in either angular or parallel offset orientation. Rigid couplings connect or couple rotating members such as shafts. They secure onto both members and provide power transmission of torque and motion. They do not allow for angular or parallel misalignment.Speed reducers, are a type of gear drive (also called gearboxes and gearheads, as well as gear reducers etc.), consisting of a set of gears, shafts and bearings that are factory mounted in an enclosed lubricated housing. Speed reducers are available in a broad range of sizes, capacities and speed ratios. Their job is to convert the input provided by a prime mover (usually an electric motor) into an output of lower RPM and correspondingly higher torque.
Adjustable speed drives are used in power transmission to change the speed of a driven shaft to a speed selected by the operator. Additionally, these drives are used to maintain the speed of a machine to very close tolerances: ±0.1% is not uncommon. Choices for drive types for adjustable speed drives include traction drives, belt and chain drives, gear drives or differentials, hydraulic drives, eddy current drives, and magnetic coupling.
Variable transmissions are a broad category of products applied to industrial power transmission. Variable transmissions are used in industrial applications to alter the speed of an output shaft. Many have integral power packages, such as electric or hydraulic motors, or they may be an integral part of driven components. Mechanical brakes and clutches are power transmission assemblies consisting of elements for both the connection and disconnection of shafts (clutch) and for the slowing or stopping of shafts (brake) in equipment drives. They may also be electrically, hydraulically, or pneumatically powered. |
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 17 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 8 PM
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مصاحبه
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مصاحبهي شبكهي چهارم سيما با ضياءالدين سردار
آينده يك اقيانوس است، پارو بزنيد!
ضياءالدين سردار، يك آيندهپژوه مسلمان است. پاكستاني است، اما بيشتر عمرش را در انگلستان گذرانده. معرفي خودش از زبان خودش را هم همينجا توي سايت خودمان گذاشتهايم. اين مصاحبهاي است كه شبكه چهارم سيما با او انجام داده و از همين شبكه پخش شده است.
ـ متشكرم آقاي سردار و بگوييد الگوي شما براي شناخت آيندهي جهان چه الگويي است؟
ـ در بحث آيندهشناسي دو رهيافت وجود دارد؛ يكي اين است كه ادامهي وضعيت كنوني را براي آينده فرض كنيم و بگوييم كه اسلام و غرب در متن برخورد تمدنها با هم درگير هستند، پس در آينده چهگونه برخوردهايي خواهيم داشت؟ يا مثلاً اگر امروز تلفن همراه داريم، 30 سال ديگر چه نوع تلفني داريم؟ اما من رهيافت ديگري دارم. به نظر من، اين نگاه مبتني بر پذيرش وضع موجود است. بهتر است بر روند آينده تأثير بگذاريم و ببينيم آيندهي مطلوب ما كدام است؟ چه آيندهاي را دوست داريم و همان را بسازيم. مثالي بزنم؛ ميتوانيم آينده را يك رودخانهي عظيم فرض كنيم كه همه سوار بر قايق كوچكي روي اين رودخانهايم. تلاطم و خروش رودخانه ما را به هر سو ميبرد، از اين سو به آن سو. قطعاً خطراتي هم در اين رودخانه و در اين سفر در پيش روي ما خواهد بود، مثلاً سقوط از آبشاري كه در انتهاي رودخانه وجود دارد. ما تسليم رودخانه و مسير آن هستيم. اما من آينده را يك رودخانه نميبينم. من آينده را يك اقيانوس فرض ميكنم. در يك اقيانوس، شما ميتوانيد به هر سو كه ميخواهيد شنا كنيد. اگر سوار قايق هستيد، مسير قايق را شما تعيين ميكنيد. مهم اين است كه شما مقصدتان را بدانيد، مسيرتان را بشناسيد و همان را دنبال كنيد. فرق اين دو نگاه اين است. اگر قبول كنيم كه آمريكا امروز بزرگترين قدرت جهان است، و باور كنيم كه آمريكا در حال ساختن يك امپراتوري جديد است، و قبول كنيم كه برخورد اسلام و غرب سراسر جهان را خواهد گرفت، و بپذيريم كه جنگ آمريكا عليه اسلام مثلاً در 20 سال آينده جهاني خواهد شد، دولت آمريكا رفتهرفته كشورهاي ديگر را هم در فهرست مخالفان خود قرار خواهد داد و با آنها برخورد خواهد كرد. اقتصاد جنگي آمريكا، به جنگهاي ديگري علاقهمند خواهد شد و خلاصه اين كه اگر همهي رويدادهاي امروزي را در آينده جستوجو كنيم، از همهچيز مأيوس خواهيم شد. با چنين تحليلي بايد بگوييم كه كشورهاي اسلامي نامتحد هستند، بسياري از اين كشورها به دست حكومتهاي فاسدي اداره ميشود، توليد فكر و علم هم كه در جهان اسلام وجود ندارد و يا اگر وجود دارد بسيار اندك است، درك جهان از اسلام نيز بسيار متحجرانه است، و تفكر اسلامي در بسياري از كشورها قابل خروج از حصارهاي متحجرانه نيست. در حقيقت ما جهان را به اين دو اردوگاه تقسيم ميكنيم، اين دو تعريف را ارائه دهيم و نتيجه ميگيريم كه آمريكا به سرعت جهان را در خواهد نورديد. مسلمانان و حتا غير مسلمانان در آمريكاي لاتين و در آسيا با آمريكا دشمن خواهند شد. پس خشونت و درگيري بيشتري رخ خواهد داد. همهي اين پيشفرضها و انديشهها، سناريوي بدبينانهاي براي ما به ارمغان خواهد آورد. اما من فكر ميكنم با رهيافت دوم مسأله به گونهي ديگري تأويل خواهد شد. اگر ما جهان را يك اقيانوس ببينيم، راه ديگر خواهيم رفت. نكات قوت اسلام را ترويج خواهيم كرد و نكات مثبت جامعهي آمريكا را هم تقويت خواهيم كرد. اين دو گرايش را از بعدي مثبت به هم نزديك خواهيم كرد و آيندهاي را كه خودمان ميخواهيم شكل ميدهيم. آمريكا انباشته از نظرهاي مخالف و نارضايتي از وضع فعلي در آمريكا و جهان است، بسياري از دانشگاهيان و حتا مردم عادي آمريكا دريافتهاند كه راه امروز دولت آمريكا و سياست خارجي آمريكا قابل دوام نيست. ارزشهاي جامعهي امروز آمريكا پايدار نيست، مصرف گرايي محض، تبذير و انهدام منابع زمين، همه چيز را در معرض خطر قرار داده است؛ اوضاع جوي تغيير كرده و تعداد حوادث غير مترقبه در آمريكا بيشتر از گذشته شده. آمريكا نه فقط كرهي زمين، بلكه خود آمريكا را هم در معرض نابودي قرار داده. ما بايد با آمريكاييهاي ناراضي تماس بگيريم و به آنها بگوييم كه در جهان مردم زيادي طرفدار آنها هستند و ما مايليم با آنها همكاري كنيم. در نقاط ديگر دنيا هم با مردم تماس بگيريم. در حال حاضر، گرايشهاي مختلفي در جهان اسلام به راه افتاده. ما بايد اينها را به هم مرتبط كنيم تا تبديل به يك جنبش شوند. ما ميتوانيم بر اين گرايشها تأثير بگذاريم و آنها را به سمت دلخواهمان هدايت كنيم.
ـ قطعاً هر كسي ميتواند براي آينده آرزو و خيالي داشته باشد. به تعداد همهي انسانهاي روي زمين براي آيندهي جهان الگو و فكر و انديشه وجود دارد. اما كدام الگوهاي اصلي و كدام ويژگيهاي آن ميتواند در اين تشكل جديد تأثيرگذار باشد؟
ـ همينطور است. هر كسي ميتواند الگوي مورد نظر خود را داشته باشد، اما نوعي تفاهم و اجماع نيز روي اين الگوها وجود دارد. منظور من از اين الگوها، الگوهاي شخصي نيست. علاقهي انسان به صلح، احترام به يكديگر و امثال آن مورد نظر من است. همهي مسلمانان از عقبماندگيهاي خود گلهمند هستند و آرزومندند كه يك جامعهي اسلامي قوي، مدرن و باسواد به وجود بيايد. اين آرزوهاست كه در مورد آنها اجماع وجود دارد. به دشمنانمان هم بايد نگاه كنيم، و آرزوهاي آنها را هم پيدا كنيم. ميبينيم اغلب آنها هم آرزوهايي مشابه ما دارند. پس زمينههاي مشترك در هر دو جبهه وجود دارد. بايد اين فكر را كه دشمن ما حتماً خبيث و غير انساني است را اصلاح كنيم. ما بايد به جامعهي مخالف خودمان هم به عنوان يك جامعهي انساني نگاه كنيم، نقاط مثبت آن جامعه را هم پيدا كنيم و روي همان نقاط مثبت تعامل برقرار كنيم. آن وقت آرمانهاي مشتركي پيدا خواهيم كرد. خوب اگر آرمانهاي فرافرهنگي و مشترك پيدا شوند، ميتوان مشتركاً مرزها را از ميان برداشت و فقر را ريشهكن كرد و اعتياد را از بين برد و فرهنگ تنازع و جنگ را برچيد و اقدامات زيادي از اين دست را انجام داد.
ـ در پايان قرن 19 و اوايل قرن 20، بسياري از متفكران به خصوص در غرب اعتقاد داشتند كه جهان بايد اخلاق را كنار بگذارد و همه با انگيزههاي اقتصادي و در جستوجوي سود بيشتر زندگي كنند. آيا در آيندهي جهان همين فرآيند دنبال خواهد شد و اخلاق امكان احيا پيدا خواهد كرد؟
ـ من معتقد نيستم كه روشنفكران طرفدار يا مخالف اخلاق هستند، بلكه معتقدم در پايان قرن بيستم، يعني در پايان دهههاي 1980 و 1990، فرهنگ فرامدرن حاكم شد و اخلاق را نسبي تعريف كرد و اجازه داد اخلاق به هر نحو دلخواه توجيه شود. به عبارت ديگر، اخلاق را شخصي تعريف كرد. اما امروز ما به سوي نوعي اخلاق جهاني در حركت هستيم، اخلاقي كه در مرزهاي فرهنگي مهار نميشود. مثلاً محيط زيست را در نظر بگيريد، هر چه بر سر كرهي زمين بيايد، به همهي ما آسيب ميرساند. مينهايي كه در زمين كاشته شده و سالانه هزاران نفر را ميكشد، ديگر محدود به يك كشور نيست. تعداد كشورهايي كه از وجود اين مينها صدمه ميبينند رو به افزايش است و در 30 سال آينده هم كشتار و تلفات بر جاي خواهد گذاشت. در حال حاضر، اخلاقي كه بر اين مباني استوار است در حال جهاني شدن است. اكثريت مردم جهان فهميدهاند كه زبالهها بايد بازيافت شوند، رودخانهها نبايد آلوده شوند، ماهيها و حيات دريايي بايد سالم باقي بماند. مردم در حال اجماع روي اين اصول اخلاقي جديد هستند. در اسلام دستوراتي جدي در مورد حفظ محيط زيست داده شده، اما ما تاريخ و سنت خود را فراموش كردهايم. حالا كه اخلاق زيست محيطي در حال جهانيشدن است، ما هم به سراغ مؤلفههاي فرهنگي اسلامي خود رفتهايم و ميكوشيم از اين مؤلفههاي اسلامي براي اين منظور بهره جوييم.
ـ ما در جهاني با فرهنگهاي متنوع زندگي ميكنيم. همهي جوامع بشري با اين فرهنگهاي متفاوت در همزيستي زندگي كردهاند. فكر نميكنيد در آينده، چنين تنوع فرهنگي از بين برود و نوعي فرهنگ يكسان حاكم شود؟
ـ اين ميراث آمريكاييشدن جهان خواهد بود. آمريكا ميكوشد جهان را يك دست كند و همه بايد در برابر اين تلاش مبارزه كنند. حفظ تنوع فرهنگي براي ما به عنوان انسان ضروري است. مثلاً در كشاورزي اگر همهساله در يك مزرعه يك محصول بكاريم، بعد از چند سال خاك از بين ميرود. بايد انواع گياهان در فصول مختلف كاشته شود تا به يك توازن بومشناختي دست پيدا كنيم. همين مسأله در فرهنگ هم صادق است. اگر همهي ما يك فرهنگ داشته باشيم، آيندهي انسان را در معرض خطر قرار خواهيم داد. تنوع فرهنگي براي بقاي انسان ضروري است، نبرد بعدي ما در همين ميدان رخ خواهد داد. چهگونه فرهنگهاي مختلف را آنگونه كه هست حفظ كنيم؟ اين مسألهي مهمي است. مردم غرب نوع زندگي ديگري را بر نميتابند و فكر ميكنند روش زندگي فقط روش غربي است و فقط انسان غربي انسان است. اما راههاي زيادي براي زندگي كردن و انسان بودن وجود دارد. هر فرهنگ روش خاص خود را دارد.
نبرد بعدي ما، دفاع از تنوع فرهنگي است. چهگونه با حفظ معيارهاي پذيرفته شده در عرصهي فرهنگيِ جهاني، هويت خود را حفظ كنيم؟ فرهنگ غرب در حال نفوذ و توسعه است. شما در ايران با تلويزيون و ماهواره و كالاهاي مصرفي ديگر آشنا هستيد. شما ايرانيان بايد راه ايراني ماندن خود را با وجود و نفوذ غرب پيدا كنيد. ايران، حتماً يك الگوي ايراني است. تجدد فقط غريبشدن نيست، تجدد اشكال فرهنگي خاص خود را دارد. ايراني بود، سنت ايراني را حفظ كرد، اما متجدد هم بود. اين نبردِ همهي ملتها و فرهنگها در روزها و سالهاي آينده است.
يك نبرد جهاني هم وجود دارد و آن اتحاد همهي مردم جهان در نبرد با سلطهي آمريكا و فرهنگ غرب است. فرهنگ آمريكا از طريق فيلم و تلويزيون و موسيقي پاپ و بسياري محصولات فرهنگي ديگر، نافذتر از ديگران عمل ميكند. جهان از فرهنگ آمريكا انباشته شده! من حتا در خانهي خودم تحت اين نفوذ هستم. معماري و شهرسازي در قالب آمريكايي آن يافت ميشود.
ـ اگر ما در حال روبهروشدن با يك جهان يكپارچه هستيم و فرايند جهانـمندي واقعاً در حال وقوع است، مشخصات اين فرآيند در حال تكميل را تشريح كنيد.
ـ به نظر من از چند منظر ميتوان به فرآيند جهانمندي نگاه كرد. من اعتقاد ندارم تمدن جهانيشدهاي وجود داشته باشد. من معتقدم در يك جهان گسترده، تمدنها و فرهنگهاي متفاوتي وجود دارد. تمدن اسلام، تمدن چين، تمدن آفريقا، و بسياري تمدنهاي پراكندهي ديگر كه بعضي از آنها كاملاً مستقل توسعه يافتند. اما اختلافات ما سر جاي خود وجود دارد. ما بايد با فرهنگ خودمان سازگار بمانيم و نكات مشترك تمدني خودمان را به ديگران بشناسانيم. اين تمدن جهاني شده است، تمدني كه تنوع فرهنگي را حفظ ميكند، اما در عين حال حول محورهاي مشترك انسان بودن هم تعريف ميشود. ما نبايد اختلافات خودمان را پر رنگ كنيم، بر عكس بايد ارزشهاي انساني، حقوق بشر، حقوق زنان، اخلاق زيست محيطي، و انسانيت خود را به عنوان عامل پيونددهندهي انساني بين خودمان ملاك قرار دهيم.
اگر از من بپرسيد جهانمندي الآن در چه وضعيتي است، بايد بگويم جهانمندي امروز همچون يك جادهي بزرگ و عريض است كه در آن چند جاده در كنار هم تعريف شدهاند. مثل يك بزرگراه عريض كه مثلاً از تهران به اصفهان كشيده شده است، كاميونها، اتوبوسها، و اتومبيلهاي ديگري در كنار هم به سوي يك مقصد در حركت هستند. اين خودروها هر كدام حاوي يك فرهنگ هستند. هر كدام از جايي آمدهاند و همه به سوي يك مقصد ميروند. حالا فرض كنيد در برابر اين ترافيك، يك دوچرخهسوار از مقابل بيايد! چه ميتواند بكند؟ در حال حاضر جهانمندي چنين فرآيند يكسويهاي است كه از آمريكا و غرب به سوي بقيهي جهان جاري شده. به نظر من اين مخربترين شكل جهانمندي است. ما بايد به ميزان محصولات دريافتي از آمريكا و غرب محصول فرهنگي ارسالي داشته باشيم. مردم آمريكا بايد بتوانند فيلم ايراني ببينند، درست همانگونه كه مردم ايران فيلم هاليوودي ميبينند. به نظر من سينماي ايران در 10 سال گذشته بينظير عمل كرده است. هر فيلمي كه از سينماي ايران آمده، يك شاهكار است. اما هاليوود چه فيلمهايي به خورد مردم جهان داده؟ اگر مردم آمريكا فيلم ايراني ببينند ـ كه به نفعشان است ـ اگر رماني كه در اندونزي چاپ شده، در اروپا منتشر شود، چه اتفاقي ميافتد؟ در حالي كه ما هر چه در اروپا منتشر ميشود در اندونزي ميبينيم و بر عكس آن خير. وظيفهي ما، مبارزه براي تحقق اين آرمان است. ما نبايد فرايند كنوني را بپذيريم.
ـ شما بيشتر در مورد آرزوها صحبت ميكنيد. بسياري از اين آرزوها محقق نخواهد شد. به نظر شما ما دست آخر چه جهاني خواهيم داشت و كدام آرزوهاي ما محقق خواهد شد؟
ـ جهان آينده را بايد با ذهني باز تحليل كرد. پيشبينيكردن نوعي قبول يك فرض است. اگر بگوييم 10 سال ديگر چنين و چنان خواهد شد و همه آن را بپذيرند، يعني متقاعد كردن ديگران به يك فرض. من مخالف پيشبيني هستم. بعضي وقتها پيشبيني خوب است، مثلاً اينكه يك كشور بايد براي اقتصادش برنامه و پيشبيني داشته باشد. پيشبيني في نفسه بد نيست، اما در بحث آيندهشناسي به جاي پيشبيني بايد راه شكلدادن جهان دلخواه را در پيش گرفت. هستند كساني كه نااميد هستند و ميگويند كاري از دست ما بر نميآيد، در حالي كه تغيير تنها در آينده رخ خواهد داد؛ گذشته قابل تغيير نيست، امروز هم همينطور. هر كاري كه امروز كنيم بلافاصله تبديل به ديروز ميشود. فقط آينده قابل تغيير است. من معتقدم كه آينده در خطر فرايند امروزي جهانمندي است.
پيشبيني، ابزار مخربي براي مطالعهي آينده است. ما بايد آينده را از قيد اينگونه خطرات رها كنيم. چهطور فكر كنيم چه آيندهاي را ميخواهيم و عمل كنيم تا به آن آينده برسيم؟ ببينيم 20 سال آينده چه باشد بهتر است؟ چه چيز ميسر است؟ چند نفر با ما هم عقيده ميشوند؟ آنها را دور خود جمع كنيم و آن وقت فكر كنيم كه در 15 سال آينده چه كنيم كه 20 سال ديگر به آن هدف برسيم؟ در 10 سال آينده چه كنيم؟ در 5 سال آينده؟ در يك سال آينده؟ و نهايتاً امروز چه بايد بكنيم؟ آن وقت ما حركت براي تغيير آينده را شروع خواهيم كرد.
ما نبايد از طرحهاي گذشته براي ساخت آينده استفاده كنيم. از امروز هم نبايد براي آينده استفاده كنيم. بايد امروز را در آينده جستوجو كنيم. اين روش تغيير آينده است. پس بايد هدف را تعيين كنيم و حركت به سوي هدف را سازمان دهيم، و بعد ببينيم كارهاي ما نتيجهي دلخواه خواهد داشت يا نه؟ هر برنامهاي كه اجرا كرديم، بلافاصله به نتايج آن توجه كنيم، اگر نه روش خود را تغيير دهيم. پيشبيني كار سادهاي است، چون امكان شكست آن وجود دارد. حتا اگر نتيجهي آن هم درست از كار در بيايد، فايدهاي نخواهد داشت؛ هر دو يعني قبول فرآيند محتوم آينده. اين به معناي تغيير آينده نخواهد بود. به نظر من حفظ وضع موجود مطلوب نيست. ما بايد بيعدالتي و فقر را ريشهكن كنيم، پس نيروي ما بايد صرف تغيير آينده شود، اگر نه همين وضع ادامه پيدا خواهد و يا ما تابع تغييراتي خواهيم شد كه ديگران بر ما تحميل ميكنند.
ـ سؤال آخر. بسياري امپراتوريها سقوط كردند و نابود شدند. اقتدار و قدرت آنها به هر حال پايان يافت و اين به دليل تكبر و غرور آنها و يا هر علت ديگري بوده است. به نظر شما آيا آمريكا در آغاز پايان حيات خود قرار گرفته است؟
ـ بله، تا حدي. به امپراتوريها نكاه كنيد. سقوط امپراتوريها زماني آغاز شده كه قدرت آنها مطلقه شده است. روم زماني كه به اوج قدرت خود رسيد سقوط كرد، بقيه هم همين طور. آمريكا امروز به اوج قدرت خود رسيده است، اين را از تكبر و غروري كه دارند ميتوان فهميد. رهبران آمريكا به زبان خدا صحبت ميكنند! فراموش نكردهايد كه عمليات ضد تروريسم خود را عمليات رحمت واسعه نام گذاشتند! در فرهنگ اسلامي رحمت واسعه فقط به خداوند تعلق دارد. كشوري كه يك عمليات نظامي را رحمت واسعه بنامد، يعني ادعاي خدايي دارد. از اينجا به بعد ديگر راه صعود وجود ندارد و راه سقوط آغاز ميشود. از چنين مرتبهي تكبر و غروري فقط بايد سقوط كرد و سقوط در پيش است!
من معتقدم كه امپراتوري آمريكا ظرف 40 تا 50 سال اينده سقوط خواهد كرد. براي اين سخن خود دلايل ديگري هم دارم. مثلاً ظهور چين كه صاحب دومين اقتصاد بزرگ جهان شده. ظرف 10 تا 20 سال آينده، چين از آمريكا پيشي خواهد گرفت. هند كه سومين اقتصاد جهان را دارد به زودي يعني 10 تا 20 سال آينده بعد از چين و يا در كنار چين قرار خواهد گرفت. پس هند و چين صاحب دو قدرت فائقه و تبديل به دو ابرقدرت جهاني خواهند شد كه به رقابت به آمريكا خواهند پرداخت. قدرتهاي ديگر ظرف دو دههي آينده ظهور خواهند كرد و ما صاحب جهاني چندقطبي خواهيم شد، همان جهاني كه قبل از جنگ سرد داشتيم. آن روز آمريكا و چين و هند به قدرتهاي بزرگ تبديل خواهند شد، حتا امكان دارد جهان اسلام هم تبديل به يك قدرت شود؛ اما با توجه به شكاف بزرگ در جهان اسلام و بسياري مسائل ديگري كه بين كشورهاي اسلامي و جامعه اسلامي وجود دارد، ظرف 20 سال آينده شاهد ظهور جهان اسلام به عنوان ابر قدرت نخواهيم بود. شايد اين حادثه تا 40 سال ديگر به وقوع بپيوندد. پس در دراز مدت يعني در حدود 50 سال آينده يك جهان چندتمدني خواهيم داشت. جهان چندتمدني در 50 سال آينده در انتظار است، در 20 سال آينده نظام چندقطبي شكل خواهد گرفت، و در 10 سال آينده شاهد آغاز سقوط امپراتوري آمريكا خواهيم بود. نشانههاي آن، هماكنون آشكار شده. به عراق نگاه كنيد. با همهي آن قدرت نظامي، امكان كنترل اوضاع در عراق فراهم نشده. اگر مردم شما را نخواهند، كاري از دست شما بر نميآيد.
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 10 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 7 PM
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مصاحبه
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مصاحبهي شبكهي چهارم سيما با ضياءالدين سردار
آينده يك اقيانوس است، پارو بزنيد!
ضياءالدين سردار، يك آيندهپژوه مسلمان است. پاكستاني است، اما بيشتر عمرش را در انگلستان گذرانده. معرفي خودش از زبان خودش را هم همينجا توي سايت خودمان گذاشتهايم. اين مصاحبهاي است كه شبكه چهارم سيما با او انجام داده و از همين شبكه پخش شده است.
ـ متشكرم آقاي سردار و بگوييد الگوي شما براي شناخت آيندهي جهان چه الگويي است؟
ـ در بحث آيندهشناسي دو رهيافت وجود دارد؛ يكي اين است كه ادامهي وضعيت كنوني را براي آينده فرض كنيم و بگوييم كه اسلام و غرب در متن برخورد تمدنها با هم درگير هستند، پس در آينده چهگونه برخوردهايي خواهيم داشت؟ يا مثلاً اگر امروز تلفن همراه داريم، 30 سال ديگر چه نوع تلفني داريم؟ اما من رهيافت ديگري دارم. به نظر من، اين نگاه مبتني بر پذيرش وضع موجود است. بهتر است بر روند آينده تأثير بگذاريم و ببينيم آيندهي مطلوب ما كدام است؟ چه آيندهاي را دوست داريم و همان را بسازيم. مثالي بزنم؛ ميتوانيم آينده را يك رودخانهي عظيم فرض كنيم كه همه سوار بر قايق كوچكي روي اين رودخانهايم. تلاطم و خروش رودخانه ما را به هر سو ميبرد، از اين سو به آن سو. قطعاً خطراتي هم در اين رودخانه و در اين سفر در پيش روي ما خواهد بود، مثلاً سقوط از آبشاري كه در انتهاي رودخانه وجود دارد. ما تسليم رودخانه و مسير آن هستيم. اما من آينده را يك رودخانه نميبينم. من آينده را يك اقيانوس فرض ميكنم. در يك اقيانوس، شما ميتوانيد به هر سو كه ميخواهيد شنا كنيد. اگر سوار قايق هستيد، مسير قايق را شما تعيين ميكنيد. مهم اين است كه شما مقصدتان را بدانيد، مسيرتان را بشناسيد و همان را دنبال كنيد. فرق اين دو نگاه اين است. اگر قبول كنيم كه آمريكا امروز بزرگترين قدرت جهان است، و باور كنيم كه آمريكا در حال ساختن يك امپراتوري جديد است، و قبول كنيم كه برخورد اسلام و غرب سراسر جهان را خواهد گرفت، و بپذيريم كه جنگ آمريكا عليه اسلام مثلاً در 20 سال آينده جهاني خواهد شد، دولت آمريكا رفتهرفته كشورهاي ديگر را هم در فهرست مخالفان خود قرار خواهد داد و با آنها برخورد خواهد كرد. اقتصاد جنگي آمريكا، به جنگهاي ديگري علاقهمند خواهد شد و خلاصه اين كه اگر همهي رويدادهاي امروزي را در آينده جستوجو كنيم، از همهچيز مأيوس خواهيم شد. با چنين تحليلي بايد بگوييم كه كشورهاي اسلامي نامتحد هستند، بسياري از اين كشورها به دست حكومتهاي فاسدي اداره ميشود، توليد فكر و علم هم كه در جهان اسلام وجود ندارد و يا اگر وجود دارد بسيار اندك است، درك جهان از اسلام نيز بسيار متحجرانه است، و تفكر اسلامي در بسياري از كشورها قابل خروج از حصارهاي متحجرانه نيست. در حقيقت ما جهان را به اين دو اردوگاه تقسيم ميكنيم، اين دو تعريف را ارائه دهيم و نتيجه ميگيريم كه آمريكا به سرعت جهان را در خواهد نورديد. مسلمانان و حتا غير مسلمانان در آمريكاي لاتين و در آسيا با آمريكا دشمن خواهند شد. پس خشونت و درگيري بيشتري رخ خواهد داد. همهي اين پيشفرضها و انديشهها، سناريوي بدبينانهاي براي ما به ارمغان خواهد آورد. اما من فكر ميكنم با رهيافت دوم مسأله به گونهي ديگري تأويل خواهد شد. اگر ما جهان را يك اقيانوس ببينيم، راه ديگر خواهيم رفت. نكات قوت اسلام را ترويج خواهيم كرد و نكات مثبت جامعهي آمريكا را هم تقويت خواهيم كرد. اين دو گرايش را از بعدي مثبت به هم نزديك خواهيم كرد و آيندهاي را كه خودمان ميخواهيم شكل ميدهيم. آمريكا انباشته از نظرهاي مخالف و نارضايتي از وضع فعلي در آمريكا و جهان است، بسياري از دانشگاهيان و حتا مردم عادي آمريكا دريافتهاند كه راه امروز دولت آمريكا و سياست خارجي آمريكا قابل دوام نيست. ارزشهاي جامعهي امروز آمريكا پايدار نيست، مصرف گرايي محض، تبذير و انهدام منابع زمين، همه چيز را در معرض خطر قرار داده است؛ اوضاع جوي تغيير كرده و تعداد حوادث غير مترقبه در آمريكا بيشتر از گذشته شده. آمريكا نه فقط كرهي زمين، بلكه خود آمريكا را هم در معرض نابودي قرار داده. ما بايد با آمريكاييهاي ناراضي تماس بگيريم و به آنها بگوييم كه در جهان مردم زيادي طرفدار آنها هستند و ما مايليم با آنها همكاري كنيم. در نقاط ديگر دنيا هم با مردم تماس بگيريم. در حال حاضر، گرايشهاي مختلفي در جهان اسلام به راه افتاده. ما بايد اينها را به هم مرتبط كنيم تا تبديل به يك جنبش شوند. ما ميتوانيم بر اين گرايشها تأثير بگذاريم و آنها را به سمت دلخواهمان هدايت كنيم.
ـ قطعاً هر كسي ميتواند براي آينده آرزو و خيالي داشته باشد. به تعداد همهي انسانهاي روي زمين براي آيندهي جهان الگو و فكر و انديشه وجود دارد. اما كدام الگوهاي اصلي و كدام ويژگيهاي آن ميتواند در اين تشكل جديد تأثيرگذار باشد؟
ـ همينطور است. هر كسي ميتواند الگوي مورد نظر خود را داشته باشد، اما نوعي تفاهم و اجماع نيز روي اين الگوها وجود دارد. منظور من از اين الگوها، الگوهاي شخصي نيست. علاقهي انسان به صلح، احترام به يكديگر و امثال آن مورد نظر من است. همهي مسلمانان از عقبماندگيهاي خود گلهمند هستند و آرزومندند كه يك جامعهي اسلامي قوي، مدرن و باسواد به وجود بيايد. اين آرزوهاست كه در مورد آنها اجماع وجود دارد. به دشمنانمان هم بايد نگاه كنيم، و آرزوهاي آنها را هم پيدا كنيم. ميبينيم اغلب آنها هم آرزوهايي مشابه ما دارند. پس زمينههاي مشترك در هر دو جبهه وجود دارد. بايد اين فكر را كه دشمن ما حتماً خبيث و غير انساني است را اصلاح كنيم. ما بايد به جامعهي مخالف خودمان هم به عنوان يك جامعهي انساني نگاه كنيم، نقاط مثبت آن جامعه را هم پيدا كنيم و روي همان نقاط مثبت تعامل برقرار كنيم. آن وقت آرمانهاي مشتركي پيدا خواهيم كرد. خوب اگر آرمانهاي فرافرهنگي و مشترك پيدا شوند، ميتوان مشتركاً مرزها را از ميان برداشت و فقر را ريشهكن كرد و اعتياد را از بين برد و فرهنگ تنازع و جنگ را برچيد و اقدامات زيادي از اين دست را انجام داد.
ـ در پايان قرن 19 و اوايل قرن 20، بسياري از متفكران به خصوص در غرب اعتقاد داشتند كه جهان بايد اخلاق را كنار بگذارد و همه با انگيزههاي اقتصادي و در جستوجوي سود بيشتر زندگي كنند. آيا در آيندهي جهان همين فرآيند دنبال خواهد شد و اخلاق امكان احيا پيدا خواهد كرد؟
ـ من معتقد نيستم كه روشنفكران طرفدار يا مخالف اخلاق هستند، بلكه معتقدم در پايان قرن بيستم، يعني در پايان دهههاي 1980 و 1990، فرهنگ فرامدرن حاكم شد و اخلاق را نسبي تعريف كرد و اجازه داد اخلاق به هر نحو دلخواه توجيه شود. به عبارت ديگر، اخلاق را شخصي تعريف كرد. اما امروز ما به سوي نوعي اخلاق جهاني در حركت هستيم، اخلاقي كه در مرزهاي فرهنگي مهار نميشود. مثلاً محيط زيست را در نظر بگيريد، هر چه بر سر كرهي زمين بيايد، به همهي ما آسيب ميرساند. مينهايي كه در زمين كاشته شده و سالانه هزاران نفر را ميكشد، ديگر محدود به يك كشور نيست. تعداد كشورهايي كه از وجود اين مينها صدمه ميبينند رو به افزايش است و در 30 سال آينده هم كشتار و تلفات بر جاي خواهد گذاشت. در حال حاضر، اخلاقي كه بر اين مباني استوار است در حال جهاني شدن است. اكثريت مردم جهان فهميدهاند كه زبالهها بايد بازيافت شوند، رودخانهها نبايد آلوده شوند، ماهيها و حيات دريايي بايد سالم باقي بماند. مردم در حال اجماع روي اين اصول اخلاقي جديد هستند. در اسلام دستوراتي جدي در مورد حفظ محيط زيست داده شده، اما ما تاريخ و سنت خود را فراموش كردهايم. حالا كه اخلاق زيست محيطي در حال جهانيشدن است، ما هم به سراغ مؤلفههاي فرهنگي اسلامي خود رفتهايم و ميكوشيم از اين مؤلفههاي اسلامي براي اين منظور بهره جوييم.
ـ ما در جهاني با فرهنگهاي متنوع زندگي ميكنيم. همهي جوامع بشري با اين فرهنگهاي متفاوت در همزيستي زندگي كردهاند. فكر نميكنيد در آينده، چنين تنوع فرهنگي از بين برود و نوعي فرهنگ يكسان حاكم شود؟
ـ اين ميراث آمريكاييشدن جهان خواهد بود. آمريكا ميكوشد جهان را يك دست كند و همه بايد در برابر اين تلاش مبارزه كنند. حفظ تنوع فرهنگي براي ما به عنوان انسان ضروري است. مثلاً در كشاورزي اگر همهساله در يك مزرعه يك محصول بكاريم، بعد از چند سال خاك از بين ميرود. بايد انواع گياهان در فصول مختلف كاشته شود تا به يك توازن بومشناختي دست پيدا كنيم. همين مسأله در فرهنگ هم صادق است. اگر همهي ما يك فرهنگ داشته باشيم، آيندهي انسان را در معرض خطر قرار خواهيم داد. تنوع فرهنگي براي بقاي انسان ضروري است، نبرد بعدي ما در همين ميدان رخ خواهد داد. چهگونه فرهنگهاي مختلف را آنگونه كه هست حفظ كنيم؟ اين مسألهي مهمي است. مردم غرب نوع زندگي ديگري را بر نميتابند و فكر ميكنند روش زندگي فقط روش غربي است و فقط انسان غربي انسان است. اما راههاي زيادي براي زندگي كردن و انسان بودن وجود دارد. هر فرهنگ روش خاص خود را دارد.
نبرد بعدي ما، دفاع از تنوع فرهنگي است. چهگونه با حفظ معيارهاي پذيرفته شده در عرصهي فرهنگيِ جهاني، هويت خود را حفظ كنيم؟ فرهنگ غرب در حال نفوذ و توسعه است. شما در ايران با تلويزيون و ماهواره و كالاهاي مصرفي ديگر آشنا هستيد. شما ايرانيان بايد راه ايراني ماندن خود را با وجود و نفوذ غرب پيدا كنيد. ايران، حتماً يك الگوي ايراني است. تجدد فقط غريبشدن نيست، تجدد اشكال فرهنگي خاص خود را دارد. ايراني بود، سنت ايراني را حفظ كرد، اما متجدد هم بود. اين نبردِ همهي ملتها و فرهنگها در روزها و سالهاي آينده است.
يك نبرد جهاني هم وجود دارد و آن اتحاد همهي مردم جهان در نبرد با سلطهي آمريكا و فرهنگ غرب است. فرهنگ آمريكا از طريق فيلم و تلويزيون و موسيقي پاپ و بسياري محصولات فرهنگي ديگر، نافذتر از ديگران عمل ميكند. جهان از فرهنگ آمريكا انباشته شده! من حتا در خانهي خودم تحت اين نفوذ هستم. معماري و شهرسازي در قالب آمريكايي آن يافت ميشود.
ـ اگر ما در حال روبهروشدن با يك جهان يكپارچه هستيم و فرايند جهانـمندي واقعاً در حال وقوع است، مشخصات اين فرآيند در حال تكميل را تشريح كنيد.
ـ به نظر من از چند منظر ميتوان به فرآيند جهانمندي نگاه كرد. من اعتقاد ندارم تمدن جهانيشدهاي وجود داشته باشد. من معتقدم در يك جهان گسترده، تمدنها و فرهنگهاي متفاوتي وجود دارد. تمدن اسلام، تمدن چين، تمدن آفريقا، و بسياري تمدنهاي پراكندهي ديگر كه بعضي از آنها كاملاً مستقل توسعه يافتند. اما اختلافات ما سر جاي خود وجود دارد. ما بايد با فرهنگ خودمان سازگار بمانيم و نكات مشترك تمدني خودمان را به ديگران بشناسانيم. اين تمدن جهاني شده است، تمدني كه تنوع فرهنگي را حفظ ميكند، اما در عين حال حول محورهاي مشترك انسان بودن هم تعريف ميشود. ما نبايد اختلافات خودمان را پر رنگ كنيم، بر عكس بايد ارزشهاي انساني، حقوق بشر، حقوق زنان، اخلاق زيست محيطي، و انسانيت خود را به عنوان عامل پيونددهندهي انساني بين خودمان ملاك قرار دهيم.
اگر از من بپرسيد جهانمندي الآن در چه وضعيتي است، بايد بگويم جهانمندي امروز همچون يك جادهي بزرگ و عريض است كه در آن چند جاده در كنار هم تعريف شدهاند. مثل يك بزرگراه عريض كه مثلاً از تهران به اصفهان كشيده شده است، كاميونها، اتوبوسها، و اتومبيلهاي ديگري در كنار هم به سوي يك مقصد در حركت هستند. اين خودروها هر كدام حاوي يك فرهنگ هستند. هر كدام از جايي آمدهاند و همه به سوي يك مقصد ميروند. حالا فرض كنيد در برابر اين ترافيك، يك دوچرخهسوار از مقابل بيايد! چه ميتواند بكند؟ در حال حاضر جهانمندي چنين فرآيند يكسويهاي است كه از آمريكا و غرب به سوي بقيهي جهان جاري شده. به نظر من اين مخربترين شكل جهانمندي است. ما بايد به ميزان محصولات دريافتي از آمريكا و غرب محصول فرهنگي ارسالي داشته باشيم. مردم آمريكا بايد بتوانند فيلم ايراني ببينند، درست همانگونه كه مردم ايران فيلم هاليوودي ميبينند. به نظر من سينماي ايران در 10 سال گذشته بينظير عمل كرده است. هر فيلمي كه از سينماي ايران آمده، يك شاهكار است. اما هاليوود چه فيلمهايي به خورد مردم جهان داده؟ اگر مردم آمريكا فيلم ايراني ببينند ـ كه به نفعشان است ـ اگر رماني كه در اندونزي چاپ شده، در اروپا منتشر شود، چه اتفاقي ميافتد؟ در حالي كه ما هر چه در اروپا منتشر ميشود در اندونزي ميبينيم و بر عكس آن خير. وظيفهي ما، مبارزه براي تحقق اين آرمان است. ما نبايد فرايند كنوني را بپذيريم.
ـ شما بيشتر در مورد آرزوها صحبت ميكنيد. بسياري از اين آرزوها محقق نخواهد شد. به نظر شما ما دست آخر چه جهاني خواهيم داشت و كدام آرزوهاي ما محقق خواهد شد؟
ـ جهان آينده را بايد با ذهني باز تحليل كرد. پيشبينيكردن نوعي قبول يك فرض است. اگر بگوييم 10 سال ديگر چنين و چنان خواهد شد و همه آن را بپذيرند، يعني متقاعد كردن ديگران به يك فرض. من مخالف پيشبيني هستم. بعضي وقتها پيشبيني خوب است، مثلاً اينكه يك كشور بايد براي اقتصادش برنامه و پيشبيني داشته باشد. پيشبيني في نفسه بد نيست، اما در بحث آيندهشناسي به جاي پيشبيني بايد راه شكلدادن جهان دلخواه را در پيش گرفت. هستند كساني كه نااميد هستند و ميگويند كاري از دست ما بر نميآيد، در حالي كه تغيير تنها در آينده رخ خواهد داد؛ گذشته قابل تغيير نيست، امروز هم همينطور. هر كاري كه امروز كنيم بلافاصله تبديل به ديروز ميشود. فقط آينده قابل تغيير است. من معتقدم كه آينده در خطر فرايند امروزي جهانمندي است.
پيشبيني، ابزار مخربي براي مطالعهي آينده است. ما بايد آينده را از قيد اينگونه خطرات رها كنيم. چهطور فكر كنيم چه آيندهاي را ميخواهيم و عمل كنيم تا به آن آينده برسيم؟ ببينيم 20 سال آينده چه باشد بهتر است؟ چه چيز ميسر است؟ چند نفر با ما هم عقيده ميشوند؟ آنها را دور خود جمع كنيم و آن وقت فكر كنيم كه در 15 سال آينده چه كنيم كه 20 سال ديگر به آن هدف برسيم؟ در 10 سال آينده چه كنيم؟ در 5 سال آينده؟ در يك سال آينده؟ و نهايتاً امروز چه بايد بكنيم؟ آن وقت ما حركت براي تغيير آينده را شروع خواهيم كرد.
ما نبايد از طرحهاي گذشته براي ساخت آينده استفاده كنيم. از امروز هم نبايد براي آينده استفاده كنيم. بايد امروز را در آينده جستوجو كنيم. اين روش تغيير آينده است. پس بايد هدف را تعيين كنيم و حركت به سوي هدف را سازمان دهيم، و بعد ببينيم كارهاي ما نتيجهي دلخواه خواهد داشت يا نه؟ هر برنامهاي كه اجرا كرديم، بلافاصله به نتايج آن توجه كنيم، اگر نه روش خود را تغيير دهيم. پيشبيني كار سادهاي است، چون امكان شكست آن وجود دارد. حتا اگر نتيجهي آن هم درست از كار در بيايد، فايدهاي نخواهد داشت؛ هر دو يعني قبول فرآيند محتوم آينده. اين به معناي تغيير آينده نخواهد بود. به نظر من حفظ وضع موجود مطلوب نيست. ما بايد بيعدالتي و فقر را ريشهكن كنيم، پس نيروي ما بايد صرف تغيير آينده شود، اگر نه همين وضع ادامه پيدا خواهد و يا ما تابع تغييراتي خواهيم شد كه ديگران بر ما تحميل ميكنند.
ـ سؤال آخر. بسياري امپراتوريها سقوط كردند و نابود شدند. اقتدار و قدرت آنها به هر حال پايان يافت و اين به دليل تكبر و غرور آنها و يا هر علت ديگري بوده است. به نظر شما آيا آمريكا در آغاز پايان حيات خود قرار گرفته است؟
ـ بله، تا حدي. به امپراتوريها نكاه كنيد. سقوط امپراتوريها زماني آغاز شده كه قدرت آنها مطلقه شده است. روم زماني كه به اوج قدرت خود رسيد سقوط كرد، بقيه هم همين طور. آمريكا امروز به اوج قدرت خود رسيده است، اين را از تكبر و غروري كه دارند ميتوان فهميد. رهبران آمريكا به زبان خدا صحبت ميكنند! فراموش نكردهايد كه عمليات ضد تروريسم خود را عمليات رحمت واسعه نام گذاشتند! در فرهنگ اسلامي رحمت واسعه فقط به خداوند تعلق دارد. كشوري كه يك عمليات نظامي را رحمت واسعه بنامد، يعني ادعاي خدايي دارد. از اينجا به بعد ديگر راه صعود وجود ندارد و راه سقوط آغاز ميشود. از چنين مرتبهي تكبر و غروري فقط بايد سقوط كرد و سقوط در پيش است!
من معتقدم كه امپراتوري آمريكا ظرف 40 تا 50 سال اينده سقوط خواهد كرد. براي اين سخن خود دلايل ديگري هم دارم. مثلاً ظهور چين كه صاحب دومين اقتصاد بزرگ جهان شده. ظرف 10 تا 20 سال آينده، چين از آمريكا پيشي خواهد گرفت. هند كه سومين اقتصاد جهان را دارد به زودي يعني 10 تا 20 سال آينده بعد از چين و يا در كنار چين قرار خواهد گرفت. پس هند و چين صاحب دو قدرت فائقه و تبديل به دو ابرقدرت جهاني خواهند شد كه به رقابت به آمريكا خواهند پرداخت. قدرتهاي ديگر ظرف دو دههي آينده ظهور خواهند كرد و ما صاحب جهاني چندقطبي خواهيم شد، همان جهاني كه قبل از جنگ سرد داشتيم. آن روز آمريكا و چين و هند به قدرتهاي بزرگ تبديل خواهند شد، حتا امكان دارد جهان اسلام هم تبديل به يك قدرت شود؛ اما با توجه به شكاف بزرگ در جهان اسلام و بسياري مسائل ديگري كه بين كشورهاي اسلامي و جامعه اسلامي وجود دارد، ظرف 20 سال آينده شاهد ظهور جهان اسلام به عنوان ابر قدرت نخواهيم بود. شايد اين حادثه تا 40 سال ديگر به وقوع بپيوندد. پس در دراز مدت يعني در حدود 50 سال آينده يك جهان چندتمدني خواهيم داشت. جهان چندتمدني در 50 سال آينده در انتظار است، در 20 سال آينده نظام چندقطبي شكل خواهد گرفت، و در 10 سال آينده شاهد آغاز سقوط امپراتوري آمريكا خواهيم بود. نشانههاي آن، هماكنون آشكار شده. به عراق نگاه كنيد. با همهي آن قدرت نظامي، امكان كنترل اوضاع در عراق فراهم نشده. اگر مردم شما را نخواهند، كاري از دست شما بر نميآيد.
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 10 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 7 PM
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کسب و کار
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شغلها و حرفهها با گذشت زمان، دستخوش دگرگونيهاي زيادي ميشوند. براي اينكه از اين دگرگونيها عقب نيفتيم، امروز، بيشتر از هميشه به راهبردهاي شغلي نيازمنديم. راهبردهايي كه گري گراپو پيشنهاد ميكند، به اين منظور طراحي شدهاند كه موفقيت حرفهاي شما را در هر زمينهاي كه به آن علاقهمنديد، در دههي پر سر و صداي كنوني تضمين كنند:
1. نگرش خودتان را روزآمد كنيد. مثبت بينديشيد و با تغييرها شاخ به شاخ روبهرو شويد. نگرانيهايتان را نسبت به آينده، با كساني كه ميتوانيد به آنها اعتماد كنيد در ميان بگذاريد، اما فراموش نكنيد كه در آخر، خودتان بايد مسووليت همهچيز را بپذيريد.
2. مشاغل رو به رشد سريع آينده را كشف كنيد. اين حوزهها از نظر گراپو، سلامت، ربوتيك، گرافيك رايانهاي، فناوري اطلاعات، زيستفناوري، و ليزر هستند.
3. مهارتهاي مناسب را در خودتان پرورش دهيد. اين مهارتها شامل مهارتهاي "نرم" ـ مثل كار گروهي، حل مسأله، و خلاقيت ـ و مهارتهاي "سخت" ـ مثل سواد فناوري ـ است.
4. ياد بگيريد چهطور مثل شركتهايي كه محصولاتشان را ميفروشند خودتان را بفروشيد.
5. براي خودتان چرخههايي بسازيد. مثلاً، داوطلب شويد، يادبگيريد، آنچه در نظر داريد را ارائه كنيد و در نهايت به سازمانها بپيونديد.
6. دائماً تغيير شغل بدهيد.
7. در نقش يك پيمانكار مستقل ظاهر شويد.
8. ملي بينديشيد، فرصتهايتان را از لحاظ جغرافيايي محدود نكنيد.
9. جهاني شويد. بازارها در سراسر جهان در حال شكل گرفتن هستند.
10. كسب و كار خودتان را شروع كنيد. در نهايت، مطمئنترين راهبرد براي امنيت شغلي، اين است كه براي كسي كار كنيد كه نميتواند شما را اخراج كند.
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 9 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 8 PM
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بچه فقط یه دونه
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۳/۹ ميليارد نفر، جمعيت زمين در سال ۲۰۵۰!
۴/۷/۸۵
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سازمان تحقيقاتي آلماني در گزارش خود منتشر شده در اينترنت اشاره نمود که در سال ۲۰۵۰ اهالي کره زمين به ۹.۳ ميليارد نفر خواهد رسيد. مطابق با اطلاعات اين سازمان در حل حاضر اهالي کره زمين مساوي با ۶.۵ ميليارد نفر مي باشد. علاوه بر اين کارشناسان اين سازمان تحقيقاتي اشاره مي کنند که اهالي کره زمين هر سال ۸۰ ميليون نفر افزايش مي يابد.
مطابق با پيشبيني هاي اين سازمان مقدار قبال توجه افزايش در اهالي در کشورهاي آفريقايي، آسيايي و آمريکاي لاتين مشاهده خواهد شد. در رابطه با افزايش در ميزان جمعيت کشورهاي پيشرفته صنعتي کارشناسان اشاره مي کنند که ميزان جمعيت در اين کشورها طي سالهاي آينده کاهش خواهد يافت.
کارشناسان سازمان مذکور اشاره مي کنند که فقط با افزايش سطح سواد عمومي کشورهاي جهاني مي تواند ار رشد قابل توجه جمعيت جلو گيري نمود. |
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 7 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 10 PM
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حتی هند و ما هنوز...
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هند و برنامهريزي براي آيندهي بازار بازيهاي رايانهاي
۲۷/۶/۱۳۸۵
ایتنا
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دولت هند برپايهي يک مطالعه جديد اعلام کرد بيش از ۸۰ درصد درآمدهاي بازار بازيهاي رايانهاي به خاطر رعايت نکردن قانون کپيرايت و سرقتهاي آنلاين از بين رفته است.
گزارشهاي جديد نشان ميدهد، درحال حاضر ارزش بازار بازيهاي کامپيوتري هند به ۳۰ ميليون دلار رسيده که در اين ميان بازيهاي مربوط به تلفن همراه و بازيهاي اينترنتي هرکدام ۸ ميليون دلار درآمد را نصيب مقامات هندي کردهاند. راجش جاين(Rajesh Jain) مدير اجرايي شرکت رايانهاي KPMG گفت: احتمال ميدهيم که تا سال ۱۱-۲۰۱۰ ارزش صنعت بازيهاي رايانهاي ما به ۷۰۰ ميليون دلار برسد که در اين ميان، توسعه خطوط پهنباند و بازيهاي تلفن همراه هرکدام يک سوم از اين درآمدها را نصيب ما خواهند کرد.
در حالي که صنعت جهاني بازيهاي رايانهاي ميکوشد هفتمين نسل از اين محصولات ديجيتالي را روانه بازار کند، سه شرکت سوني، مايکروسافت و نينتندو با عرضه نسل جديد کنسولهاي بازي خود همچنان در تلاشند تا حاکميت بازار بازيهاي ويدئويي و کامپيوتري را در دست بگيرند. مايکروسافت که نخستين شرکت بزرگ کامپيوتري در عرضه کنسول بازي جديد خود با نام Xbox ۳۶۰ محسوب ميشود، از زمان عرضه اين کنسول در نوامبر سال ۲۰۰۵ موفق شده فروشي چشمگير داشته باشد.
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 7 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 10 PM
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عربستان و این حرفها
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سرمايهگذاري 6 ميليارد دلاري عربستان براي احداث پالايشگاه
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عربستان سعودي اعلام كرد: با مشاركت شركت نفتي فرانسوي "توتال" و با سرمايهگذاري 6 ميليارد دلاري، يك پالايشگاه نفت جديد احداث خواهد كرد. به گزارش مهر به نقل از فايننشال تايمز، شركت نفت آرامكوي عربستان و شركت توتال فرانسه يادداشت تفاهمي در رابطه با ساخت پالايشگاهي جديد در سطح خليج فارس منعقد ساختند كه با بهرهبرداري از آن، ظرفيت پالايش نفت عربستان طي پنج سال آينده 60 درصد افزايش خواهد يافت. شركت آرامكو همچنين مذاكراتي با شركت كونوكو فيليپس آمريكا دربارهي ساخت يك پالايشگاه عظيم در سواحل غربي عربستان داشته است. در حالي كه كمبود ظرفيت پالايش نفت در سطح جهان از عوامل اصلي افزايش بهاي نفت طي دو سال اخير محسوب ميشود، رئيس شركت آرامكو از قصد اين شركت براي براي كاهش تنگناهاي موجود در ظرفيت پالايش نفت خبر داد. عربستان سعودي قصد دارد به منظور افزايش ظرفيت پالايش نفت خود تا سال 2011 بالغ بر 50 ميليارد دلار سرمايهگذاري كند. لازم به ذكر است كه سرمايهگذاري مشترك آرامكو و توتال دربارهي ساخت پالايشگاهي با ظرفيت 400 هزار بشكه در روز است كه در منطقهي صنعتي جبيل در ساخل شرقي عربستان بنا خواهد شد. علاوه بر شركت توتال، شركتهاي اكسونموبيل و روايل داچ شل نيز از جمله بزرگترين شركتهاي نفتي جهان هستند كه در عربستان سعودي مشغول به فعاليت هستند.
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 7 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 10 PM
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چین
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ايلنا
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چين، به موتور اقتصادي جهان تبديل ميشود. به گزارش ايلنا، بهنقل از شينهوا، چين تا سال 2050 با پيشي گرفتن از ايالات متحده آمريكا به بزرگترين قطب اقتصادي جهان تبديل ميشود. طبق گزارشهاي منتشره از سوي پرايس واتر هوس كوپر، اگرچه بسياري بر اين تصور هستند كه رشد اقتصادي چين با وجود اعتراضات مكرر آمريكا كاسته ميشود؛ اما بسياري از كارشناسان اعلام كردند كه اين كشور تا سال 2050 به بزرگترين كشور اقتصادي جهان مبدل شده و رهبري ديگر كشورهاي عضو گروه 7 را بهعهده خواهد گرفت. جان هاوكورث مسئول بخش ميكرو اقتصادهاي مركز پرايس هوث كوپر گفت: اگرچه بسياري از اقتصاددانان فكر ميكنند كه با كاهش جزئي حضور چين در بازارهاي جهاني اين كشور درصدد است اين روند را ادامه دهد؛ اما بايد بدانند كه مقامات اين كشور در حال برنامهريزي طرحهاي دقيق اقتصادي هستند.
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 7 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 10 PM
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قاعده بازار جدید
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نويسنده: سياوش ملكيفر
وقتي مبتكر ساعت كوارتز ايدهي خود را به ساعتسازهاي سرشناس سوئيسي كه ۶۵ درصد بازار جهاني ساعت را در دست داشتند، عرضه كرد، آنها واكنشي نشان دادند كه بعدها فقط توانستند افسوس بخورند. تأسف فايدهاي نداشت؛ چون ۵۰ هزار ساعتساز سوئيسي بيكار شدند سروكلهي رقيب جديدي پيدا شد كه اصلاً در قدوقوارهي رقيب نبود و ۳۰ درصد سهم بازار را به سوي خود كشاند: ژاپن! تا پيش از آن ماجرا، سهم ژاپن از بازار ساعت تنها يك درصد بود. ژاپنيها ره صدساله را يكشبه پيمودند ...
خبر از راهرسيدن رايانههاي خانگي و شخصي هم دير به آيبيام رسيد. شايد هم خبرش زود رسيد و گوش شنوايي در آيبيام وجود نداشت، آخر آيبيام در ساخت رايانههاي غولپيكر يكهتاز بازار بود و كسبوكارش سكه بود. آنقدر جثهاش بزرگ شده بود كه سيگنالهاي ضعيف را نميشنيد! هيچوقت فكر نميكرد ممكن است چيزي به نام رايانهي خانگي اينقدر طرفدار داشته باشد. آيبيام بر بازار مسلط بود. اما بالاخره آيبيام هم تاوان ناشنوايي خود را پرداخت و سهم بزرگي از بازار را به تازهوارداني همچون دل و كامپك واگذار كرد. تا پيش از آن ماجرا، اگر كسي در حضور مديران ارشد آيبيام از چنين شركتهايي به عنوان "رقيب" سخن ميگفت، حتماً به او ميخنديدند! اصلاً امكان نداشت ...
چند سال پيش، صنعت نشر هم چنين شوكي را تجربه كرد. موسسههاي انتشاراتي بزرگ دنيا مانند جانوايلي كه ۲۰۰ سال از عمرشان ميگذشت، آنقدر با شيوههاي سنتي خود غرق چاپ كتاب و نشريه و ارسال آن به سراسر دنيا بودند كه صداي پاي اينترنت را نشنيدند. البته صداي پاي اينترنت آنقدرها هم بلند نبود، اما به هر حال چند نفري پيدا شدند كه آن را شنيدند. در نهايت، جانوايلي و ديگر سردمداران صنعت نشر هم به جبر روزگار، ميدان را به آمازونداتكام تازهوارد واگذار كردند. آمازون به سرعت رشد كرد و نام خود را به عنوان يكي از بازيگران مطرح صنعت نشر بر سر زبانها انداخت. امروز آمازون بيش از ۱۶ ميليون مشتري در سراسر جهان را از كهنهكاران اين حوزه ربوده است.
در بازار رقابت، مثال از اين دست فراوان است. اما به راستي چه عاملي موجب ميشود كه تازهوارداني مانند ساعتسازهاي ژاپني، دل، كامپك و آمازون بتوانند ره صدساله را يكشبه بپيمايند و جسورانه، نام خود را در فهرست موفقها ثبت كنند؟
رمز اين موفقيت، در واژهاي به نام "پارادايم" نهفته است. نخست، بايد پاردايم را تعريف كنيم تا بتوانيم تأثير آن را بر بازار و بازيگران آن درك كنيم.
در حوزههاي مختلف علم، كسبوكار، فناوري و صنعت، گهگاه تحولات ژرفي رخ ميدهد كه همه چيز را دگرگون ميكند. هر از گاهي، الگوها و قواعد جديدي ظهور ميكند و الگوها و قواعد گذشته به دست فراموشي سپرده ميشود. اين قواعد و الگوها، در واقع همان پارادايمها هستند كه برخي صاحبنظران آنها را "حاكمان واقعي جهان هستي" ناميدهاند. به طور كلي پارادايمها را ميتوان مجموعههاي از پيشفرضها، باورها و برداشتهاي ما نسبت به جهان هستي دانست.
اجازه دهيد خارج از بازار رقابت هم مثالي بزنيم. در گذشتههاي دور، پيدايش كشاورزي جوامع اوليهي بشري را تكان داد. ساليان متمادي، انسان در جستجوي آب و غذا در سفر بود و همواره از جايي به جاي ديگر كوچ ميكرد. اما وقتي كشت و زرع را آموخت، خانه ساخت و به تدريج روستاهاي كوچكي شكل گرفت. بنابراين ميتوان گفت وقتي بشر كشاورزي را ياد گرفت، پارادايم حاكم بر ذهن او تغيير كرد.
مثالي ديگر: تا پيش از آن كه اريستاكوس، ستارهشناس يوناني دريابد زمين به دور خورشيد ميچرخد و نه خورشيد به دور زمين، همه در اشتباه بودند. با اين كشف بزرگ در حوزهي علم قاعدهي بزرگي شكست: ديگر زمين مركز جهان نبود! ميتوان كشف اريستاكوس را به عنوان يك نقطهي عطف يا شكست پارادايم حاكم به حساب آورد.
اكنون ميتوانيم از پشت عينك پارادايم، ماجراهاي ابتداي اين نوشتار و رويدادهاي مانند آن را تحليل كنيم. وقتي ساعت كوارتز ابداع شد، پارادايم حاكم بر بازار، ساعت مكانيكي بود. نخستين ساعت مچي مكانيكي، در سال ۱۸۶۸ به بازار آمده بود. در طول يك قرن ـ يعني تا سال ۱۹۶۸ ـ ساعتهاي مچي مكانيكي پيوسته بهبود يافتند. همه راضي بودند، مشتريان، فروشندگان، توليدكنندگان و ... . اما بالاخره عمر اين پارادايم به آخر رسيد و قاعدهي بازي شكست. ساعت كوارتز ظريف و زيبا بود، دقت بالايي داشت، مصرف آن زياد نبود، و دردسرهاي ساخت قطعات كوچك و دقيق مكانيكي را هم نداشت. پارادايم جديدي حاكم شد، سوئيسيها كه سخت به پارادايم پيشين تكيه كرده بودند، در پارادايم جديد محلي از اعراب نداشتند! رمز موفقيت قهرمان داستان اينجا است كه با تغيير پارادايم، قواعد بازي عوض ميشود و اين بدان معنا است كه همهي رقبا، از كوچك و بزرگ، دوباره بايد بازي را از نو و با قواعد جديدي آغاز كنند. در ابتداي حاكميت پارادايم جديد، هيچ يك از رقبا بر ديگري برتري ندارد، جز آنهايي كه قواعد جديد بازي را زودتر از ديگران درك ميكنند و شايستگيهاي محوري خود را بر آن بنا ميكنند. در داستان ساعتهاي مكانيكي و كوارتز، سوئيسيها در ساعتسازي پيشينهاي پرآوازه داشتند و در مقابل، ژاپن ناشناخته بود. با تغيير پارادايم و قواعد حاكم بر بازار، برتري سوئيس از بين رفت و يكباره جايگاهش افت كرد. ژاپنيها هيچچيز بيشتر از سوئيسيها نداشتند، اما تنها و تنها ظهور پارادايم جديد را زودتر از سوئيسيها درك كردند و بازي جديد را بردند.
در ادبيات مديريت، اين پديده كه هرچند وقت يكبار در حوزهي صنايع و فناوريهاي مختلف روي ميدهد، سقوط به نقطهي صفر نام دارد.
با سقوط به نقطهي صفر، همهي توانمنديهاي شركتها و سازمانها كه با تكيه بر قواعد گذشته و پارادايم كهنه شكل گرفته است، از ميان ميرود و همهي رقبا، صرفنظر از جايگاه و سهم بازار، بايد بازي را از صفر شروع كنند. در چنين شرايطي است كه تازهواردان ميتوانند رقابت با بازيگران اصلي صنعت را آغاز كنند و حتي در برابر آنها به پيروزي برسند.
با اين وصف، هر شركت يا سازماني كه بتواند تغيير پارادايم را زودتر از ديگران درك كند و توانمنديهاي خود را با تكيه بر آن شكل دهد، در بازي جديد پيروز ميدان خواهد بود. اما آيا هميشه بايد به انتظار تغيير پارادايم حاكم نشست؟ آيا هيچ راهي وجود ندارد كه بتوان قاعدهي بازي را زودتر از موعد شكست؟ آيا شركتها و سازمانها نميتوانند قانون رقابت را به نفع خود تغيير دهند؟
از يك نگاه ميتوان شركتها و سازمانها را به دو گروه كلي تقسيم كرد: قاعدهروها و قاعدهشكنها. قاعدهروها، همواره با تكيه بر پارادايم حاكم حركت ميكنند و توانمنديهاي خود را بر پايهي پارادايم حاكم استوار ميسازند. در مقابل، قاعدهشكنها ميكوشند پارادايم حاكم بر ميدان رقابت را به نفع خود تغيير دهند و بازي را به جايي ميكشانند كه خود در آن برتري دارند. قاعدهشكنها بايد قاعدهي بازي را تغيير دهند، و در غير اين صورت، ناگزيرند رقابت را فراموش كنند و يا به سهم بسيار ناچيزي از بازار بسنده كنند. اما به محض آن كه بتوانند پارادايم حاكم را بشكنند، همهي رقبا به نقطهي صفر سقوط خواهند كرد و برندهي بازي جديد، قاعدهشكنها خواهند بود كه شايستگيهاي محوري خود را بر اساس قواعد جديد توسعه دادهاند. اين خطري است كه همواره قاعدهروها را تهديد ميكند.
به علاقمندان پيشنهاد ميكنيم براي اطلاعات بيشتر در مورد پارادايم به كتاب "استراتژي اثربخش"، نوشتهي دكتر وفا غفاريان و دكتر غلامرضا كياني، نشر فرا مراجعه نمايند. تماشاي فيلم كوتاه "پارادايم"، اثر ژول باركر، آيندهشناس معروف را نيز به همهي علاقمندان توصيه ميكنيم. براي تهيهي لوح فشردهي اين فيلم ميتوانيد با انديشكده تماس بگيريد.
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نويسنده: مجنون تر از مجنون مورخ: 7 Oct 2006 در ساعت: 8 PM
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Of Interest 
Of Interest 
